Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

• Science

  Experimental biology

  Experimental biology encompasses a set of approaches within the field of biology focused on conducting experiments to investigate and understand biological phenomena. This term contrasts with theoretical biology, which deals with mathematical modeling and abstractions of biological systems. The methodologies employed in experimental biology are diverse and multidisciplinary, including molecular, b

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  Science

  Extended reality

  Extended reality (XR) is an umbrella term for various immersive technologies, including augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) as well as a means to interpolate between them and extend beyond them. It is intended to combine or mirror the physical world, using a "digital twin" able to interact with it, and give users an immersive experience by being in a virtual, augmented, intelligent or

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  Experimental mathematics

  Experimental mathematics is an approach to mathematics in which computation is used to investigate mathematical objects and identify properties and patterns. It has been defined as "that branch of mathematics that concerns itself ultimately with the codification and transmission of insights within the mathematical community through the use of experimental (in either the Galilean, Baconian, Aristot

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  Science

  Extinction (astronomy)

  In astronomy, extinction is the absorption and scattering of electromagnetic radiation by dust and gas between an emitting astronomical object and the observer. Interstellar extinction was first documented as such in 1930 by Robert Julius Trumpler. However, its effects had been noted in 1847 by Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve, and its effect on the colors of stars had been observed by a number

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  Explicit parallelism

  In computer programming, explicit parallelism is the representation of concurrent computations using primitives in the form of operators, function calls or special-purpose directives. Most parallel primitives are related to process synchronization, communication and process partitioning. As they rarely contribute to actually carry out the intended computation of the program but, rather, structure

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• Science

  Experimental software engineering

  Experimental software engineering involves running experiments on the processes and procedures involved in the creation of software systems, with the intent that the data be used as the basis of theories about the processes involved in software engineering (theory backed by data is a fundamental tenet of the scientific method). A number of research groups primarily use empirical and experimental

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  Science

  Expansion of the universe

  The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time. It is an intrinsic expansion, so it does not mean that the universe expands into anything or that space exists outside it. To any observer in the universe, it appears that all but the nearest galaxies (which are bound to each other by gravity) move away at speeds th

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• Science

  Expression language

  An expression language is a computer language for creating a machine readable representation of specific domain knowledge. Examples include: Advanced Boolean Expression Language, an obsolete hardware description language for hardware descriptions Data Analysis Expressions (DAX), an expression language developed by Microsoft and used in Power Pivot, among other places Jakarta Expression Language,

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• Science

  Expectation value (quantum mechanics)

  In quantum mechanics, the expectation value is the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment. It can be thought of as an average of all the possible outcomes of a measurement as weighted by their likelihood, and as such it is not the most probable value of a measurement; indeed the expectation value may have zero probability of occurring (e.g. measurements which can

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• Science

  Expocode

  EXPOCODE, or the "expedition code", is a unique alphanumeric identifier defined by the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) of the US. The code defines a standard nomenclature for cruise labels of research vessels and intends to avoid confusion in oceanographic data management. The code was used by international projects (WOCE, CarboOcean) and is considered a de facto standard in the internat

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• Science

  Extinction debt

  In ecology, extinction debt is the future extinction of species due to events in the past. The phrases dead clade walking and survival without recovery express the same idea. Extinction debt occurs because of time delays between impacts on a species, such as destruction of habitat, and the species' ultimate disappearance. For instance, long-lived trees may survive for many years even after reprodu

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Extended Semantic Web Conference

  The Extended Semantic Web Conference (abbreviated as ESWC), formerly known as the European Semantic Web Conference, is a yearly international academic conference on the topic of the Semantic Web. The event began in 2004, as the European Semantic Web Symposium. The goal of the event is "to bring together researchers and practitioners dealing with different aspects of semantics on the Web". Topics c

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• Science

  Explicit algebraic stress model

  The algebraic stress model arises in computational fluid dynamics. Two main approaches can be undertaken. In the first, the transport of the turbulent stresses is assumed proportional to the turbulent kinetic energy; while in the second, convective and diffusive effects are assumed to be negligible. Algebraic stress models can only be used where convective and diffusive fluxes are negligible, i.e.

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• Science

  Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere

  Exposing Microorganisms in the Stratosphere (E-MIST) is a NASA study to determine if a specific microorganism could survive conditions like those on the planet Mars. The study transported Bacillus pumilus bacteria and their spores by helium-filled balloon to the stratosphere of Earth (~31 km above sea level) and monitored the ability of the microorganisms to survive in extreme Martian-like conditi

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Extended evolutionary synthesis

  The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) consists of a set of theoretical concepts argued to be more comprehensive than the earlier modern synthesis of evolutionary biology that took place between 1918 and 1942. The extended evolutionary synthesis was called for in the 1950s by C. H. Waddington, argued for on the basis of punctuated equilibrium by Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge in the 1980s

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• Science

  Extinct isotopes of superheavy elements

  Extinct isotopes of superheavy elements are isotopes of superheavy elements whose half-lives were too short to have lasted through the formation of the Solar System, and because they are not replenished by natural processes, can nowadays only be found as their decay products (from alpha decay, cluster decay or spontaneous fission) trapped within sediment and meteorite samples dating billions of ye

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• Science

  Exploitative interactions

  Exploitative interactions, also known as enemy–victim interactions, is a part of consumer–resource interactions where one organism (the enemy) is the consumer of another organism (the victim), typically in a harmful manner. Some examples of this include predator–prey interactions, host–pathogen interactions, and brood parasitism. In exploitative interactions, the enemy and the victim may often coe

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• Science

  Explanatory indispensability argument

  The explanatory indispensability argument is an argument in the philosophy of mathematics for the existence of mathematical objects. It claims that rationally we should believe in mathematical objects such as numbers because they are indispensable to scientific explanations of empirical phenomena. An altered form of the Quine–Putnam indispensability argument, it differs from that argument in its i

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• Science

  Extended continental shelf

  The extended continental shelf, scientific continental shelf, or outer continental shelf refers to a type of maritime area established as a geo-legal paradigm by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Through the process known as the extension of the outer limit of the continental shelf or establishment of the outer edge of the continental margin, every coastal state has the

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Europium iodide

  Europium iodide may refer to: Europium(II) iodide (europium diiodide), EuI2 Europium(III) iodide (europium triiodide), EuI3

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• Science

  Europium fluoride

  Europium fluoride may refer to: Europium(II) fluoride (europium difluoride), EuF2 Europium(III) fluoride (europium trifluoride), EuF3

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• Science

  Europium bromide

  Europium bromide may refer to: Europium(II) bromide (europium dibromide), EuBr2 Europium(III) bromide (europium tribromide), EuBr3

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• Science

  Europium hydroxide

  Europium hydroxide may refer to: Europium(II) hydroxide (Europium dihydroxide), Eu(OH)2 Europium(III) hydroxide (Europium trihydroxide), Eu(OH)3

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• Science

  European Symposium on Organic Chemistry

  The European Symposium on Organic Chemistry (ESOC) is a biennial scientific conference series covering research in organic chemistry. The first meeting was held in Cologne in 1979.

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• Science

  Examples of Markov chains

  This article contains examples of Markov chains and Markov processes in action. All examples are in the countable state space. For an overview of Markov chains in general state space, see Markov chains on a measurable state space.

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• Science

  Event Processing Technical Society

  Event Processing Technical Society (EPTS) is an inclusive group of organizations and individuals aiming to increase awareness of event processing, foster topics for future standardization, and establish event processing as a separate academic discipline.

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  Science

  Eutectic system

  A eutectic system or eutectic mixture ( yoo-TEK-tik) is a type of a homogeneous mixture that has a melting point lower than those of the constituents. The lowest possible melting point over all of the mixing ratios of the constituents is called the eutectic temperature. On a phase diagram, the eutectic temperature is seen as the eutectic point (see plot). Non-eutectic mixture ratios have different

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• Science

  Evanescent field

  In electromagnetics, an evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents). Even when there is a propagating electromagnetic wave produced (e.g., by a transmitting antenna), one can still identify as an e

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  Science

  Evaporative cooling (atomic physics)

  Evaporative cooling is an atomic physics technique to achieve high phase space densities which optical cooling techniques alone typically can not reach. Atoms trapped in optical or magnetic traps can be evaporatively cooled via two primary mechanisms, usually specific to the type of trap in question: in magnetic traps, radiofrequency (RF) fields are used to selectively drive warm atoms from the tr

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  Science

  European Synchrotron Radiation Facility

  The European Synchrotron (also European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, ESRF) is a synchrotron light source situated in Grenoble, France. It is a joint research facility supported by 19 countries (13 member countries: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the UK; and 6 associate countries: Austria, the Czech Republic, I

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  Science

  Eurytherm

  A eurytherm is an organism, often an endotherm, that can function at a wide range of ambient temperatures. To be considered a eurytherm, all stages of an organism's life cycle must be considered, including juvenile and larval stages. These wide ranges of tolerable temperatures are directly derived from the tolerance of a given eurythermal organism's proteins. Extreme examples of eurytherms includ

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• Science

  Europium oxide

  Europium oxide is a compound from the two elements europium and oxygen. Europium oxide may refer to: Europium(II) oxide (europium monoxide, EuO) a magnetic semiconductor. Europium(III) oxide (europium sesquioxide, Eu2O3), the most common oxide.

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  Science

  European Pulsar Timing Array

  The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA) is a European collaboration to combine five 100-m class radio-telescopes to observe an array of pulsars with the specific goal of detecting gravitational waves. It is one of several pulsar timing array projects in operation, and one of the four projects comprising the International Pulsar Timing Array, the others being the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array, the Nor

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  Science

  European Solar Telescope

  The European Solar Telescope (EST) is a pan-European project to build a next-generation 4-metre class solar telescope, to be located at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory in the Canary Islands, Spain. It will use state-of-the-art instruments with high spatial and temporal resolution that can efficiently produce two-dimensional spectral information in order to study the Sun's magnetic coupling

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  European Society for Mathematics and the Arts

  European Society for Mathematics and the Arts (ESMA) is a European society to promoting mathematics and the arts. The first Conference of ESMA, took place in July 2010 at the Institute Henri Poincaré in Paris.

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• Science

  European Study Groups with Industry

  A European Study Group with Industry (ESGI) is usually a week-long meeting where applied mathematicians work on problems presented by industry and research centres. The aim of the meeting is to solve or at least make progress on the problems. The study group concept originated in Oxford, in 1968 (initiated by Leslie Fox and Alan Tayler). Subsequently, the format was adopted in other European count

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• Science

  Euxinia

  Euxinia or euxinic conditions occur when water is both anoxic and sulfidic. This means that there is no oxygen (O2) and a raised level of free hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Euxinic bodies of water are frequently strongly stratified; have an oxic, highly productive, thin surface layer; and have anoxic, sulfidic bottom water. The Black Sea is such a body of water, and the word "euxinia" is derived from i

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  Science

  European Women in Mathematics

  European Women in Mathematics (EWM) is an international association of women working in the field of mathematics in Europe. The association participates in political and strategic work to promote the role of women in mathematics and offers its members direct support. Its goals include encouraging women to study mathematics and providing visibility to women mathematicians. It is the "first and best

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• Science

  Exact differential

  In multivariate calculus, a differential or differential form is said to be exact or perfect (exact differential), as contrasted with an inexact differential, if it is equal to the general differential d Q {\displaystyle dQ} for some differentiable function Q {\displaystyle Q} in an orthogonal coordinat

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• Science

  Evolutionary biology

  Evolutionary biology is a subfield of biology that analyzes the four mechanisms of evolution: natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow. Natural selection was independently discovered as the engine of evolution by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, based on patterns in the geographic distribution of species. Gregor Mendel discovered the laws of heredity. R. A. Fisher unified

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  Science

  Evolutionary programming

  Evolutionary programming is an evolutionary algorithm, where a share of new population is created by mutation of previous population without crossover. Evolutionary programming differs from evolution strategy ES( μ + λ {\displaystyle \mu +\lambda } ) in one detail. All individuals are selected for the new population, while in ES(

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  Evolutionary taxonomy

  Evolutionary taxonomy, evolutionary systematics or Darwinian classification is a branch of biological classification that seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship (shared descent), progenitor-descendant relationship (serial descent), and degree of evolutionary change. This type of taxonomy may consider whole taxa rather than single species, so that groups of spe

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• Science

  Exonic splicing silencer

  An exonic splicing silencer (ESS) is a short region (usually 4-18 nucleotides) of an exon and is a cis-regulatory element. A set of 103 hexanucleotides known as FAS-hex3 has been shown to be abundant in ESS regions. ESSs inhibit or silence splicing of the pre-mRNA and contribute to constitutive and alternate splicing. To elicit the silencing effect, ESSs recruit proteins that will negatively affec

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  Science

  Evolutionary medicine

  Evolutionary medicine or Darwinian medicine is the application of modern evolutionary theory to understanding health and disease. Modern biomedical research and practice have focused on the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying health and disease, while evolutionary medicine focuses on the question of why evolution has shaped these mechanisms in ways that may leave us susceptible to d

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• Science

  Examples of vector spaces

  This page lists some examples of vector spaces. See vector space for the definitions of terms used on this page. See also: dimension, basis. Notation. Let F denote an arbitrary field such as the real numbers R or the complex numbers C.

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  Evolution and the Catholic Church

  The Catholic Church holds no official position on the theory of creation or evolution, leaving the specifics of either theistic evolution or literal creationism to the individual within certain parameters established by the Church. According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church, any believer may accept either literal or special creation within the period of an actual six-day, twenty-four-hour p

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• Science

  Ewald summation

  Ewald summation, named after Paul Peter Ewald, is a method for computing long-range interactions (e.g. electrostatic interactions) in periodic systems. It was first developed as the method for calculating the electrostatic energies of ionic crystals, and is now commonly used for calculating long-range interactions in computational chemistry. Ewald summation is a special case of the Poisson summati

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• Science

  Eventually (mathematics)

  In the mathematical areas of number theory and analysis, an infinite sequence or a function is said to eventually have a certain property, if it does not have the said property across all its ordered instances, but will after some instances have passed. The use of the term "eventually" can be often rephrased as "for sufficiently large numbers", and can be also extended to the class of properties t

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  Everything is a file

  "Everything is a file" is an approach to interface design in Unix derivatives. While this turn of phrase does not as such figure as a Unix design principle or philosophy, it is a common way to analyse designs, and informs the design of new interfaces in a way that prefers, in rough order of import: representing objects as file descriptors instead of alternatives like abstract handles or names, op

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  Science

  Event horizon

  In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary in spacetime beyond which no signal can ever reach a given observer. Wolfgang Rindler coined the term in the 1950s. In 1784, John Michell proposed that gravity can be strong enough in the vicinity of massive compact objects that even light cannot escape. At that time, the Newtonian theory of gravitation and the so-called corpuscular theory of light w

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