Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

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  Science

  Enema

  An enema, also known as a clyster, is the rectal administration of a fluid by injection into the lower bowel via the anus. The word enema can also refer to the liquid injected, as well as to a device for administering such an injection. In standard medicine, the most frequent uses of enemas are to relieve constipation and for bowel cleansing before a medical examination or procedure; also, they ar

  8/24/2026

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  Endogeny (biology)

  Endogeny, in biology, refers to the property of originating or developing from within an organism, tissue, or cell. For example, endogenous substances, and endogenous processes are those that originate within a living system (e.g. an organism or a cell). For instance, estradiol is an endogenous estrogen hormone produced within the body, whereas ethinylestradiol is an exogenous synthetic estrogen,

  8/24/2026

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  Energy carrier

  An energy carrier is a substance (fuel) or sometimes a phenomenon (energy system) that contains energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes. Such carriers include springs, electrical batteries, capacitors, pressurized air, dammed water, hydrogen, metal energy carriers, petroleum, coal, wood, and natural gas. An ener

  8/24/2026

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  Energy accounting

  Energy accounting is a system used to measure, analyze and report the energy consumption of different activities on a regular basis. This is done to improve energy efficiency, and to monitor the environment impact of energy consumption.

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  Science

  Energy level splitting

  In quantum physics, energy level splitting or a split in an energy level of a quantum system occurs when a perturbation changes the system. The perturbation changes the corresponding Hamiltonian and the outcome is change in eigenvalues; several distinct energy levels emerge in place of the former degenerate (multi-state) level. This may occur because of external fields, quantum tunnelling between

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Potential energy surface

  A potential energy surface (PES) or energy landscape describes the energy of a system, especially a collection of atoms, in terms of certain parameters, normally the positions of the atoms. The surface might define the energy as a function of one or more coordinates; if there is only one coordinate, the surface is called a potential energy curve or energy profile. An example is the Morse/Long-rang

  8/24/2026

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  Endoreduplication

  Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M) in which mitosis is circumvented entirely, due to modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity. E

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  Science

  Energy quality

  Energy quality is a measure of the ease with which a form of energy can be converted to useful work or to another form of energy: i.e. its content of thermodynamic free energy. A high quality form of energy has a high content of thermodynamic free energy, and therefore a high proportion of it can be converted to work; whereas with low quality forms of energy, only a small proportion can be convert

  8/24/2026

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  Engine (computer science)

  An engine is a continuation-based construct that provides timed preemption. Engines which can contain other engines are sometimes called Nesters and engines which do not have this ability are then called flat engines or "solo engines". To implement timed preemption there needs to be a clock. This clock can measure real time or simulated time. Simulated time can be implemented in a language like S

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  Science

  Endoreversible thermodynamics

  Endoreversible thermodynamics is a subset of irreversible thermodynamics aimed at making more realistic assumptions about heat transfer than are typically made in reversible thermodynamics. It gives an upper bound on the power that can be derived from a real process that is lower than that predicted by Carnot for a Carnot cycle, and accommodates the exergy destruction occurring as heat is transfer

  8/24/2026

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  Energy homeostasis

  In biology, energy homeostasis, or the homeostatic control of energy balance, is a biological process that involves the coordinated homeostatic regulation of food intake (energy inflow) and energy expenditure (energy outflow). The human brain, particularly the hypothalamus, plays a central role in regulating energy homeostasis and generating the sense of hunger by integrating a number of biochemic

  8/24/2026

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  Endecaphyllacin

  Endecaphyllacin is either of two similar compounds found in certain plants, such as Hemsleya endecaphylla. Endecaphyllacin A, 2β-hydroxy-20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanorcucurbita-5-ene-3,11,16-trione, C22H30O4. Crystallizes with 1 molecule of methanol as colorless prisms, mp 207-209 °C; Endecaphyllacin B, 2-hydroxy-20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27-octanorcucurbita-1,5-dien-3,11,16-trione, C22H28O4. It is

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Enduring Quests and Daring Visions

  Enduring Quests and Daring Visions is a vision for astrophysics programs chartered by then-Director of NASA's Astrophysics Division, Paul Hertz, and released in late 2013. It lays out plans over 30 years as long-term goals and missions. Goals include mapping the Cosmic Microwave Background and finding Earth like exoplanets, to go deeper into space-time studying the Large Scale Structure of the Uni

  8/24/2026

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  Energy informatics

  Energy informatics is a research field covering the use of information and communication technology to address energy utilization and management challenges. Methods used for "smart" implementations often combine IoT sensors with artificial intelligence and machine learning. Energy Informatics is founded on flow networks that are the major suppliers and consumers of energy. Their efficiency can be

  8/24/2026

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  Energy and environmental engineering

  The Energy and Environmental Engineering field seeks to conserve and maintain the natural environment by using efficient sources of energy. Energy and environmental engineers are continually searching for solutions to emerging, environment-related issues such as erosion, water disposal, air and water pollution, land resources, human health, and environmental restoration. Careers in this field focu

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  Science

  Endangered river

  An endangered river is one which has the potential to partly or fully dry up, or one that is thought to have ecological issues now or in the near future. Some such issues are natural while others are the direct result of human development. Organisations including the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) have published lists of rivers at risk. The WWF's 2007 list featured the Danube, the Nile, and the Rio Gra

  8/24/2026

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  Energy-rich species

  In chemistry and particularly biochemistry, an energy-rich species (usually energy-rich molecule) or high-energy species (usually high-energy molecule) is a chemical species which reacts, potentially with other species found in the environment, to release chemical energy. In particular, the term is often used for: adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and similar molecules called high-energy phosphates, w

  8/24/2026

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  Endemixit

  Endemixit is a project that studies the effects of reduced population size in five Italian endemic species at risk of extinction. The final objective is to estimate the risk of extinction from genomic data and contribute to the preservation of these species. The project was funded by the MUR (Italian Ministry for Research) and coordinated by the Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology of the

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Endogenization

  Endogenization is the evolutionary process by which viral genetic material becomes stably integrated into the germline of a host organism and inherited by offspring through Mendelian inheritance. The integrated sequences become endogenous viral elements, which encompasses all inheritable virus-derived sequences regardless of virus type. Essentially, a successful endogenization event can transform

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Ene-reductase

  Ene-reductase (ER, ERED) is an enzyme able to catalyze the stereoselective reduction of carbon-carbon double bonds (C=C) that are activated by electron withdrawing groups (EWG), like aldehydes, ketones and esters. The catalytic cycle is dependent from the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Unlike traditional stereoselective chemical hydrogenation, that often uses noble

  8/24/2026

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  End-to-end delay

  End-to-end delay or one-way delay (OWD) refers to the time taken for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination. It is a common term in IP network monitoring, and differs from round-trip time (RTT) in that only the path in one direction, from source to destination, is measured.

  8/24/2026

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  Electrovacuum solution

  In general relativity, an electrovacuum solution (electrovacuum) is an exact solution of the Einstein field equation in which the only nongravitational mass–energy present is the field energy of an electromagnetic field, which must satisfy the (curved-spacetime) source-free Maxwell equations appropriate to the given geometry. For this reason, electrovacuums are sometimes called (source-free) Eins

  8/24/2026

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  Electronvolt

  In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV), also written as electron-volt and electron volt, is a unit of measurement equivalent to the amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating through an electric potential difference of one volt in a vacuum. When used as a unit of energy, the numerical value of 1 eV expressed in unit of joules (symbol J) is equal to the numerical value of th

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  Elementary function

  In mathematics, an elementary function is a function of a single variable (real or complex) that is typically encountered by beginners. The basic elementary functions are polynomial functions, rational functions, the trigonometric functions, the exponential and logarithm functions, the n-th root, and the inverse trigonometric functions, as well as those functions obtained by addition, multiplicat

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  Science

  Elementary particle

  In the Standard Model of particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles. The Standard Model recognizes seventeen distinct particles—twelve fermions and five bosons. As a consequence of flavor and color combinations and antimatter, the fermions and bosons are known to have 48 and 13 variations, respectively. These 61

  8/24/2026

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  Electron magnetic moment

  In atomic physics, the electron magnetic moment, or more specifically the electron magnetic dipole moment, is the magnetic moment of an electron resulting from its intrinsic properties of spin and electric charge. The value of the electron magnetic moment (symbol μe) is −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1. In units of the Bohr magneton (μB), it is −1.00115965218046(18), which has a relative uncertainty

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  Science

  Electrostatic precipitator

  An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filterless device that removes fine particles, such as dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge minimally impeding the flow of gases through the unit. In contrast to wet scrubbers, which apply energy directly to the flowing fluid medium, an ESP applies energy only to the particulate matter being collected and the

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  Science

  Electron optics

  Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam. Electron optics calculations are crucial for the design of electron microscopes and particle accelerators. In the paraxial

  8/24/2026

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  Electrosynthesis

  In electrochemistry, electrosynthesis is the synthesis of chemical compounds in an electrochemical cell. Compared to ordinary redox reactions, electrosynthesis sometimes offers improved selectivity and yields. In electrosynthesis, the reactants are activated in-situ using energy from an applied electric field. Electrosynthesis may be better aligned with principles of Green Chemistry compared to re

  8/24/2026

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  Electron magnetic resonance

  In physics, biology and chemistry, electron magnetic resonance (EMR) is an interdisciplinary field that covers both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR, also known as electron spin resonance – ESR) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR). EMR looks at electrons rather than nuclei or ions as in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) respectively.

  8/24/2026

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  Elementary proof

  In mathematics, an elementary proof is a mathematical proof that only uses basic techniques. More specifically, the term is used in number theory to refer to proofs that make no use of complex analysis. Historically, it was once thought that certain theorems, like the prime number theorem, could only be proved by invoking "higher" mathematical theorems or techniques. However, as time progresses, m

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  Science

  Electrostatic separator

  An electrostatic separator is a device for separating particles by mass in a low energy charged beam. An example is the electrostatic precipitator used in coal-fired power plants to treat exhaust gas, removing small particles that cause air pollution. Electrostatic separation is a process that uses electrostatic charges to separate crushed particles of material. An industrial process used to sepa

  8/24/2026

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  Electron-beam processing

  Electron-beam processing or electron irradiation is a process that involves using electrons, usually of high energy, to treat an object for a variety of purposes. This may take place under elevated temperatures and nitrogen atmosphere. Possible uses for electron irradiation include sterilization, alteration of gemstone colors, and cross-linking of polymers. Electron energies typically vary from th

  8/24/2026

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  Electron shell

  In chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit that electrons follow around an atom's nucleus. The closest shell to the nucleus is called the "1 shell" (also called the "K shell"), followed by the "2 shell" (or "L shell"), then the "3 shell" (or "M shell"), and so on further and further from the nucleus. The shells correspond to the principal quantum numbers (n =

  8/24/2026

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  Electron nuclear double resonance

  Electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) is a magnetic resonance technique for elucidating the molecular and electronic structure of paramagnetic species. The technique was first introduced to resolve interactions in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra. It is currently practiced in a variety of modalities, mainly in the areas of biophysics and heterogeneous catalysis.

  8/24/2026

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  Electronic entropy

  Electronic entropy is the entropy of a system attributable to electrons' probabilistic occupation of states. This entropy can take a number of forms. The first form can be termed a density of states based on entropy. The Fermi–Dirac distribution implies that each eigenstate of a system, i, is occupied with a certain probability, pi. As the entropy is given by a sum over the probabilities of occupa

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  Science

  Electronic badge

  An electronic badge (or electronic conference badge) is a gadget that is a replacement for a traditional paper-based badge or pass issued at public events. It is mainly handed out at computer (security) conferences and hacker events. Their main feature is to display the name of the attendee, but due to their electronic nature they can include a variety of software. The badges were originally a tra

  8/24/2026

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  Electron quadruplets

  The condensate of electron quadruplets is a proposed state of matter in which Cooper pairs do not exhibit long-range order, but electron quadruplets do. Such states emerge in systems with multiple broken symmetries due to the partial melting of the underlying low-temperature order, which destroys the condensates of Cooper pairs but preserves the condensates formed by pairs of preformed fermion p

  8/24/2026

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  Electrostatic solitary wave

  In space physics, an electrostatic solitary wave (ESW) is a type of electromagnetic soliton occurring during short time scales (when compared to the general time scales of variations in the average electric field) in plasma. When a rapid change occurs in the electric field in a direction parallel to the orientation of the magnetic field, and this perturbation is caused by a unipolar or dipolar ele

  8/24/2026

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  Electronic health record (Germany)

  The Electronic health record (German: Elektronische Patientenakte or ePA) was launched on 1 January 2021, for comprehensive digital connectivity within the German healthcare system for patients, between patient and service providers, and between service providers for both hospital settings and primary care. The intent was to provide health care data in a digital form so that it was accessible nati

  8/24/2026

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  Ellipsis

  The ellipsis (, plural ellipses; from Ancient Greek: ἔλλειψις, élleipsis, lit. 'leave out'), rendered ..., also known as suspension points, dots, periods of ellipsis, or ellipsis points, or, colloquially, dot, dot, dot is a punctuation mark consisting of a series of three dots. An ellipsis can be used in many ways, such as for intentional omission of text or numbers, to imply a concept without us

  8/24/2026

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  Elimination theory

  In commutative algebra and algebraic geometry, elimination theory is the classical name for algorithmic approaches to eliminating some variables between polynomials of several variables, in order to solve systems of polynomial equations. Classical elimination theory culminated with the work of Francis Macaulay on multivariate resultants, as described in the chapter on Elimination theory in the fir

  8/24/2026

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  Email art

  Email art refers to artwork created for the medium of email. It includes computer graphics, animations, screensavers, digital scans of artwork in other media, and even ASCII art. When exhibited, Email art can be either displayed on a computer screen or similar type of display device, or the work can be printed out and displayed. Email art is an evolution of the networking Mail Art movement and be

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  Science

  Elton's quadrant

  An Elton's quadrant is a derivative of the Davis quadrant. It adds an index arm and artificial horizon to the instrument, and was invented by English sea captain John Elton, who patented his design in 1728 and published details of the instrument in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 1732.

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  Science

  Embedded HTTP server

  An embedded HTTP server is an HTTP server used in an embedded system. The HTTP server is usually implemented as a software component of an application (embedded) system that controls and/or monitors a machine with mechanical and/or electrical parts. The HTTP server implements the HTTP protocol in order to allow communications with one or more local or remote users using a browser. The aim is to l

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  Science

  Embedded Java

  Embedded Java refers to versions of the Java program language that are designed for embedded systems. Since 2010 embedded Java implementations have come closer to standard Java, and are now virtually identical to the Java Standard Edition. Since Java 9 customization of the Java Runtime through modularization removes the need for specialized Java profiles targeting embedded devices.

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  Embedded C++

  Embedded C++ (EC++) is a dialect of the C++ programming language for embedded systems. It was defined by an industry group led by major Japanese central processing unit (CPU) manufacturers, including NEC, Hitachi, Fujitsu, and Toshiba, to address the shortcomings of C++ for embedded applications. The goal of the effort is to preserve the most useful object-oriented features of the C++ language yet

  8/24/2026

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  Elliptic surface

  In mathematics, an elliptic surface is a surface that has an elliptic fibration, in other words a proper morphism with connected fibers to an algebraic curve such that almost all fibers are smooth curves of genus 1. (Over an algebraically closed field such as the complex numbers, these fibers are elliptic curves, perhaps without a chosen origin.) This is equivalent to the generic fiber being a smo

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  Science

  Ellman's reagent

  Ellman's reagent (5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or DTNB) is a colorogenic chemical used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups in a sample. It was developed by George L. Ellman.

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  Science

  Embedded software

  Embedded software is computer software, written to control machines or devices that are not typically thought of as computers, commonly known as embedded systems. It is typically specialized for the particular hardware that it runs on and has time and memory constraints. This term is sometimes used interchangeably with firmware. A precise and stable characteristic feature is that no or not all fu

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