Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

• Science

  Hypercomplex number

  In mathematics, the hypercomplex number is a traditional term for an element of a finite-dimensional unital algebra over the field of real numbers. The study of hypercomplex numbers in the late 19th century forms the basis of modern group representation theory.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hypercane

  A hypercane is a hypothetical class of extreme tropical cyclone that could form if sea surface temperatures reached approximately 50 °C (122 °F), which is 12 °C (22 °F) warmer than the warmest ocean temperature ever recorded. Such an increase could be caused by a large asteroid or comet impact, a large supervolcanic eruption, a large submarine flood basalt, or "incredible" global warming. There is

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hyper-encryption

  Hyper-encryption is a form of encryption invented by Michael O. Rabin which uses a high-bandwidth source of public random bits, together with a secret key that is shared by only the sender and recipient(s) of the message. It uses the assumptions of Ueli Maurer's bounded-storage model as the basis of its secrecy. Although everyone can see the data, decryption by adversaries without the secret key i

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxypropionic acid

  Hydroxypropionic acid, or alternately hydroxypropanoic acid, may refer to either of two isomeric chemical compounds: 2-Hydroxypropionic acid (lactic acid) 3-Hydroxypropionic acid (hydracrylic acid) The carboxylate is known as hydroxypropionate or hydroxypropanoate.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hygromycin

  Hygromycin may refer to either of two chemically dissimilar antibiotics produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus: Hygromycin A Hygromycin B, an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hyperconcentrated flow

  A hyperconcentrated flow is a two-phase flowing mixture of water and sediment in a channel which has properties intermediate between fluvial flow and debris flow. Large quantities of sand may be transported throughout the flow column, but the transport of suspended and bedload sediment along the channel depends on flow turbulence and high flow velocities, and coarser sediment remains as bedload. H

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxyphenethylamine

  Hydroxyphenethylamine may refer to: Phenylethanolamine (β-hydroxyphenethylamine) meta-Tyramine (3-hydroxyphenethylamine) Tyramine (4-hydroxyphenethylamine)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxypregnanedione

  Hydroxypregnanedione may refer to: Alfaxalone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnane-11,20-dione) Hydroxydione (21-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-3,20-dione) Renanolone (3α-hydroxy-5β-pregnane-11,20-dione)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hyper-IL-6

  Hyper-IL-6 is a designer cytokine, which was generated by the German biochemist Stefan Rose-John. Hyper-IL-6 is a fusion protein of the four-helical cytokine Interleukin-6 and the soluble Interleukin-6 receptor which are covalently linked by a flexible peptide linker. Interleukin-6 on target cells binds to a membrane bound Interleukin-6 receptor. The complex of Interleukin-6 and the Interleukin-6

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydroxymethylamphetamine

  Hydroxymethylamphetamine, or hydroxymethamphetamine, also known as phenylpropanolmethylamine, may refer to: β-Hydroxy-N-methylamphetamine (two chiral centers and four possible stereoisomers) Racephedrine (racemic ephedrine; (1R,2S/1S,2R)-ephedrine) (1R,2S)-Ephedrine (ephedrine) (1S,2R)-Ephedrine Racemic pseudoephedrine ((1R,2R/1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine) (1S,2S)-Pseudoephedrine (pseudoephedrine) (1R,

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxyvaleric acid

  Hydroxyvaleric acid or hydroxypentanoic acid may refer to the following compounds: α-Hydroxyvaleric acid (2-hydroxyvaleric acid) β-Hydroxyvaleric acid (3-hydroxyvaleric acid) γ-Hydroxyvaleric acid (4-hydroxyvaleric acid) ω-Hydroxyvaleric acid (5-hydroxyvaleric acid), a ω-hydroxy acid The carboxylate of the acid is hydroxyvalerate or hydroxypentanoate

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxysalicylic acid

  Hydroxysalicylic acid is a type of dihydroxybenzoic acid and a hydroxylated derivative of salicylic acid. It may refer to: 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (3-hydroxysalicylic acid) 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (4-hydroxysalicylic acid) 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (5-hydroxysalicylic acid) 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (6-hydroxysalicylic acid) Carboxylates and esters of these acids are called hydroxysalicylates

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxytryptamine

  Hydroxytryptamine (hydroxy-T, HT, HO-T, or OH-T) may refer to: 1-Hydroxytryptamine 2-Hydroxytryptamine 4-Hydroxytryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin) 6-Hydroxytryptamine 7-Hydroxytryptamine

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol

  Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol may refer to: 8-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 9-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 10-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol 11-Hydroxyhexahydrocannabinol

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxybutyraldehyde

  Hydroxybutyraldehyde may refer to: 3-Hydroxybutyraldehyde (acetaldol), an aldol, formally the product of the dimerization of acetaldehyde 4-Hydroxybutyraldehyde, a chemical intermediate

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxykynurenic acid

  Hydroxykynurenic acid may refer to: 3-Hydroxykynurenic acid 6-Hydroxykynurenic acid 8-Hydroxykynurenic acid (xanthurenic acid)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxymethoxybenzaldehyde

  Hydroxymethoxybenzaldehyde may refer to: 2-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde Vanillin (4-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) o-Vanillin (2-Hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) Isovanillin (3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxydimethyltryptamine

  Hydroxydimethyltryptamine (hydroxy-DMT or HO-DMT) may refer to: 4-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (4-hydroxy-DMT; 4-HO-DMT; psilocin) 5-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-hydroxy-DMT; 5-HO-DMT; bufotenin) 6-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (6-hydroxy-DMT; 6-HO-DMT) 7-Hydroxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (7-hydroxy-DMT; 7-HO-DMT)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxydiethyltryptamine

  Hydroxydiethyltryptamine (hydroxy-DET or HO-DET) may refer to: 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (4-hydroxy-DET; 4-HO-DET; ethocin) 5-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (5-hydroxy-DET; 5-HO-DET) 6-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine (6-hydroxy-DET; 6-HO-DET)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxybutanal

  Hydroxybutanal may refer to: 2-Hydroxybutanal 3-Hydroxybutanal, an aldol, formerly used in medicine as a hypnotic and sedative 4-Hydroxybutanal, a chemical intermediate

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydraulic shock

  Hydraulic shock (colloquial: water hammer; fluid hammer) is a pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly: a momentum change. It is usually observed in a liquid but gases can also be affected. This phenomenon commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an end of a pipeline system and a pressure wave propagates in the pipe. This pressure w

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydrogen ion

  A hydrogen ion is an ion created when a hydrogen atom loses or gains an electron. A positively charged hydrogen ion (or proton) can readily combine with other particles and therefore is only seen isolated when it is in a gaseous state or a nearly particle-free space. Due to its extremely high charge density of approximately 2×1010 times that of a sodium ion, the bare hydrogen ion cannot exist free

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxybenzaldehyde

  Hydroxybenzaldehydes are phenolic aldehydes. The term may refer to: Salicylaldehyde (2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydrogen analyzer

  A hydrogen analyzer is measurement instrument used to determine the concentration of hydrogen in gases, liquids or solid materials. It is used in industrial processes, energy systems, laboratory analysis and metallurgical applications such as hydrogen determination in steels and alloys. Hydrogen analyzers are widely used in oil and gas, chemical processing, power generation and hydrogen production

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrobiology

  Hydrobiology is the science of life and life processes in water. Much of modern hydrobiology can be viewed as a sub-discipline of ecology but the sphere of hydrobiology includes taxonomy, economic and industrial biology, morphology, and physiology. The one distinguishing aspect is that all fields relate to aquatic organisms. Most work is related to limnology and can be divided into lotic system ec

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydraulic action

  Hydraulic action, most generally, is the ability of moving water (flowing or waves) to dislodge and transport rock particles. This includes a number of specific erosional processes, including abrasion, at facilitated erosion, such as static erosion where water leaches salts and floats off organic material from unconsolidated sediments, and from chemical erosion more often called chemical weatherin

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hutchinson's ratio

  In ecological theory, the Hutchinson's ratio is the ratio of the size differences between similar species when they are living together as compared to when they are isolated. It is named after G. Evelyn Hutchinson who concluded that various key attributes in species varied according to the ratio of 1:1.1 to 1:1.4. Hutchinson concluded that the mean ratio, 1.3, can be understood as the variation of

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hybrid speciation

  Hybrid speciation is a form of speciation where hybridization between two different species leads to a new species, reproductively isolated from the parent species. Previously, reproductive isolation between two species and their parents was thought to be particularly difficult to achieve, and thus hybrid species were thought to be very rare. With DNA analysis becoming more accessible in the 1990s

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxybenzoic acid

  Hydroxybenzoic acid may refer to several related chemical compounds: 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid, o-hydroxybenzoic acid) 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid (m-hydroxybenzoic acid) 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid (p-hydroxybenzoic acid)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hutter Prize

  The Hutter Prize is a cash prize funded by Marcus Hutter which rewards data compression improvements on a specific 1 GB English text file, with the goal of encouraging research in artificial intelligence (AI). Launched in 2006, the prize awards 5,000 euros for each one percent improvement (with 500,000 euros total funding) in the compressed size of the file enwik9, which is the larger of two files

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hybrid Scheduling

  Hybrid Scheduling is a class of scheduling mechanisms that mix different scheduling criteria or disciplines in one algorithm. For example, scheduling uplink and downlink traffic in a WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network, such as IEEE 802.11e) using a single discipline or framework is an instance of hybrid scheduling. Other examples include a scheduling scheme that can provide differentiated and integ

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrogen anion

  The hydrogen anion, H−, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing one proton. The binding energy of H− equals the binding energy

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydrogen purification

  Hydrogen purification is any technology used to purify hydrogen. The impurities in hydrogen gas depend on the source of the H2, e.g., petroleum, coal, electrolysis, etc. The required purity is determined by the application of the hydrogen gas. For example, ultra-high purified hydrogen is needed for applications like proton exchange membrane fuel cells.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hutchinson's rule

  In ecological theory, the Hutchinson's ratio is the ratio of the size differences between similar species when they are living together as compared to when they are isolated. It is named after G. Evelyn Hutchinson who concluded that various key attributes in species varied according to the ratio of 1:1.1 to 1:1.4. The mean ratio 1.3 can be interpreted as the amount of separation necessary to obtai

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hybrizyme

  Hybrizyme is a term coined to indicate novel or normally rare gene variants (or alleles) that are associated with hybrid zones, geographic areas where two related taxa (e.g. species or subspecies) meet, mate, and produce hybrid offspring. The hybrizyme phenomenon is widespread and these alleles occur commonly, if not in all hybrid zones. Initially considered to be caused by elevated rates of mutat

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydrodimerization

  Hydrodimerization is an organic reaction that couples two alkenes to give a symmetrical hydrocarbon. The reaction is often implemented electrochemically; in that case the reaction is called electrodimerization. The reaction can also be induced with samarium diiodide, a one-electron reductant. Hydrodimerization is the basis of the Monsanto adiponitrile synthesis: 2 CH2=CHCN + 2 e− + 2 H+ →

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  HyCOM

  The Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HyCOM) is an open-source ocean general circulation modeling system. HyCOM is a primitive equation type of ocean general circulation model. The vertical levels of this modeling system are slightly different from other models, because the vertical coordinates remain isopycnic in the open stratified ocean, smoothly transitioning to z-level coordinates in the weakly

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis

  Hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis is a form of chemosynthesis which uses hydrogen sulfide. It is common in hydrothermal vent microbial communities. Due to the lack of light in these environments, this is predominant over photosynthesis. Giant tube worms use bacteria in their trophosome to fix carbon dioxide (using hydrogen sulfide as their energy source) and produce sugars and amino acids. Some reac

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrodynamic delivery

  Hydrodynamic Delivery (HD) is a method of DNA insertion in rodent models. Genes are delivered via injection into the bloodstream of the animal, and are expressed in the liver. This protocol is helpful to determine gene function, regulate gene expression, and develop pharmaceuticals in vivo.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxyacetophenone

  Hydroxyacetophenone may refer to: 2-Hydroxyacetophenone (o-hydroxyacetophenone) 3-Hydroxyacetophenone (m-hydroxyacetophenone) 4-Hydroxyacetophenone (p-hydroxyacetophenone, piceol)

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hunting success

  In ecology, hunting success is the proportion of hunts initiated by a predatory organism that end in success. Hunting success is determined by a number of factors such as the features of the predator, timing, different age classes, conditions for hunting, experience, and physical capabilities. Predators selectively target certain categories of prey, in particular prey of a certain size. Prey anima

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrostatic equilibrium

  In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium, also called hydrostatic balance and hydrostasy, is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force. In the planetary physics of Earth, the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from collapsing the atmosphere of Earth into a thin, dense shell, whereas grav

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrography

  Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, an

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydrothermal circulation

  Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water, and θέρμη, heat ). Hydrothermal circulation occurs most often in the vicinity of sources of heat within the Earth's crust. In general, this occurs near volcanic activity, but can occur in the shallow to mid crust along deeply penetrating fault irregularities or in the deep crust related t

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxyflavone

  Hydroxyflavone may refer to the following chemical compounds: 3-Hydroxyflavone, the backbone of all flavonols 6-Hydroxyflavone, one of the noncompetitive inhibitors of cytochrome P450 2C9

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone

  Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone may refer to: 7α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 7β-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydrometeorology

  Hydrometeorology is a branch of meteorology and hydrology that studies the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere for academic research, commercial gain or operational forecasting purposes. Whilst traditionally meteorologists and hydrologists sit within separate organisations, hydrometeorologists may work in joint project teams, virtual teams, deal with spec

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydroxybenzotriazole

  Hydroxybenzotriazole (abbreviated HOBt) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4N3OH. It is a derivative of benzotriazole. It is a white crystalline powder, which as a commercial product contains some water (~11.7% wt as the HOBt monohydrate crystal). Anhydrous HOBt is explosive. It is mainly used to suppress the racemization and to improve the efficiency of peptide synthesis.

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Hydroxyamphetamine

  Hydroxyamphetamine may refer to: β-Hydroxyamphetamine (phenylisopropanolamine; two chiral centers and four possible stereoisomers) Phenylpropanolamine (racemic phenylpropanolamine; norephedrine; (1R,2S/1S,2R)-β-hydroxyamphetamine; (±)-phenylpropanolamine) (1R,2S)-Phenylpropanolamine ((1R,2S)-β-hydroxyamphetamine) (1S,2R)-Phenylpropanolamine ((1S,2R)-β-hydroxyamphetamine) Norpseudoephedrine (racem

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid

  Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) may refer to: HPETE anion 5-HPETE 5(S)-HPETE(1-) 8-HPETE 8(S)-HPETE(1-) 9-HPETE 9(R)-HPETE 12-HPETE 12(S)-HPETE(1-) 12(R)-HPETE(1-) (S)-12-HpETE (R)-12-hpete 15-HPETE 15(S)-HPETE(1-) (S)-15-hpete

  8/24/2026