Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

• Science

  List of chemists

  This is a list of chemists. It should include those who have been important to the development or practice of chemistry. Their research or application has made significant contributions in the area of basic or applied chemistry.

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of chordate orders

  This article contains a list of all of the classes and orders that are located in the Phylum Chordata. The subphyla Tunicata and Vertebrata are in the unranked Olfactores clade, while the subphylum Cephalochordata is not. Animals in Olfactores are characterized as having a more advanced olfactory system than animals not in it. The only extinct classes shown are Placodermi and Acanthodii. Many othe

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of clinically important bacteria

  This is a list of bacteria that are significant in medicine. For a list of clinically important viruses, see the table of viral diseases.

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  Science

  List of circle topics

  This list of circle topics includes things related to the geometric shape, either abstractly, as in idealizations studied by geometers, or concretely in physical space. It does not include metaphors like "inner circle" or "circular reasoning" in which the word does not refer literally to the geometric shape.

  8/24/2026

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  List of chaotic maps

  In mathematics, a chaotic map is a map (an evolution function) that exhibits some sort of chaotic behavior. Maps may be parameterized by a discrete-time or a continuous-time parameter. Discrete maps usually take the form of iterated functions. Chaotic maps often occur in the study of dynamical systems. Chaotic maps and iterated functions often generate fractals. Some fractals are studied as object

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of cohomology theories

  This is a list of some of the ordinary and generalized (or extraordinary) homology and cohomology theories in algebraic topology that are defined on the categories of CW complexes or spectra. For other sorts of homology theories see the links at the end of this article.

  8/24/2026

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  List of chemistry journals

  This is a list of scientific journals in chemistry and its various subfields. For journals mainly about materials science, see List of materials science journals.

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  Science

  List of cigarette smoke carcinogens

  Commercial tobacco smoke is a mixture of more than 5,000 chemicals. A 2011 report in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (IJERPH) lists 65 carcinogens or possible carcinogens: "Our list of hazardous smoke components includes all nine components reported in mainstream cigarette smoke that are known human carcinogens (IARC Group I carcinogens), as well as all nine c

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of chemical classifications

  Chemical classification systems attempt to classify elements or compounds according to certain chemical functional or structural properties. Whereas the structural properties are largely intrinsic, functional properties and the derived classifications depend to a certain degree on the type of chemical interaction partners on which the function is exerted. Sometimes other criteria like purely physi

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of centroids

  The following is a list of centroids of various two-dimensional and three-dimensional objects. The centroid of an object X {\displaystyle X} in n {\displaystyle n} -dimensional space is the intersection of all hyperplanes that divide X {\displaystyle X} into two parts

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of chemical engineering societies

  This is the list of chemical engineering societies in the world. They are sorted by continent and alphabetically. They include national or international ones, but not student societies or those otherwise restricted to a particular university or institution.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine

  This list contains the names of the centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in alphabetical order with their external links. Abramson Cancer Center – http://penncancer.org/ Brain Behavior Lab (Department of Psychiatry) – https://www.med.upenn.edu/bbl/ Center for Bioethics – https://bioethics.upenn.edu/ Center for Biomedical Image Computing and A

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of chemistry mnemonics

  A mnemonic is a memory aid used to improve long-term memory and make the process of consolidation easier. Many chemistry aspects, rules, names of compounds, sequences of elements, their reactivity, etc., can be easily and efficiently memorized with the help of mnemonics. This article contains the list of certain mnemonics in chemistry.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of cheminformatics toolkits

  Cheminformatics toolkits are notable software development kits that allow cheminformaticians to develop custom computer applications for use in virtual screening, chemical database mining, and structure-activity studies. Toolkits are often used for experimentation with new methodologies. Their most important functions deal with the manipulation of chemical structures and comparisons between struct

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of chemical compounds in coffee

  There are more than 1,000 chemical compounds in coffee, and their molecular and physiological effects are areas of active research in food chemistry.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of causes of genital pain

  Genital pain and pelvic pain can arise from a variety of conditions, crimes, trauma, medical treatments, physical diseases, mental illness and infections. In some instances the pain is consensual and self-induced. Self-induced pain can be a cause for concern and may require a psychiatric evaluation. In other instances the infliction of pain is consensual but caused by another person (such as in su

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of chemical databases

  This is a list of websites that contain lists of chemicals, or databases of chemical information. There is further detail on the content of these and other resources in a Wikibook of information sources.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of astronomers

  The following is a list of astronomers, astrophysicists and other notable people who have made contributions to the field of astronomy. They may have won major prizes or awards, developed or invented widely used techniques or technologies within astronomy, or are directors of major observatories or heads of space-based telescope projects.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of astronomical observatories

  This is a partial list of astronomical observatories ordered by name, along with initial dates of operation (where an accurate date is available) and location. The list also includes a final year of operation for many observatories that are no longer in operation. While other sciences, such as volcanology and meteorology, also use facilities called observatories for research and observations, this

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of algorithms

  An algorithm is a fundamental set of rules or defined procedures that are typically designed and used to be a simpler way to solve a specific problem or a broad set of problems. Simply speaking, algorithms define different processes, sets of rules and regulations, or methodologies that are to be followed through in calculations, data processing, data mining, pattern recognition, automated reasonin

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of algebraic topology topics

  This is a list of algebraic topology topics. Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. The basic goal is to find algebraic invariants that classify topological spaces up to homeomorphism, though usually most classify up to homotopy equivalence. Although algebraic topology primarily uses algebra to study topological problems, us

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of algorithm general topics

  This is a list of algorithm general topics. Analysis of algorithms Ant colony algorithm Approximation algorithm Best and worst cases Big O notation Combinatorial search Competitive analysis Computability theory Computational complexity theory Embarrassingly parallel problem Emergent algorithm Evolutionary algorithm Fast Fourier transform Genetic algorithm Graph exploration algorithm Heuristic Hil

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  List of alchemical substances

  Alchemy studies produced a number of substances, which were later classified as particular chemical compounds or mixture of compounds. Many of these terms were in common use into the 20th century.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of alternative set theories

  In mathematical logic, an alternative set theory is any of the alternative mathematical approaches to the concept of set and any alternative to the de facto standard set theory described in axiomatic set theory by the axioms of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of anatomical isthmi

  In anatomy, "isthmus" refers to a constriction between organs. This is a list of anatomical isthmi: Aortic isthmus, section of the aortic arch Cavo-tricuspid isthmus of the right atrium of the heart, a body of fibrous tissue in the lower atrium between the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve Isthmus, the ear side of the eustachian tube Isthmus, the narrowed part between the trunk and the s

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of aging processes

  Accumulation of lipofuscin Aging brain Calorie restriction Cross-link Crosslinking of DNA Degenerative disease DNA damage theory of aging Exposure to ultraviolet light Free-radical damage Glycation Life expectancy Longevity Maximum life span Senescence Stem cell theory of aging

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of additives in cigarettes

  This is a static list of 599 additives that could be added to tobacco cigarettes in 1994. The ABC News program Day One first released the list to the public on March 7, 1994. It was submitted to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in April 1994. They are also listed in the 1998 Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement, which followed dozens of state-level lawsuits against tobacco

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of animals by number of neurons

  The following are two lists of animals ordered by the size of their nervous system. The first list shows number of neurons in their entire nervous system. The second list shows the number of neurons in the structure that has been found to be representative of animal intelligence. The human brain contains 86 billion neurons, with 16 billion neurons in the cerebral cortex. Neuron counts constitute

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of ammonium nitrate incidents and disasters

  When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into nitrous oxide and water vapor; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation into oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the Texas City disaster of 1947 which led to major changes in the regu

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of axioms

  This is a list of axioms as that term is understood in mathematics. In epistemology, the word axiom is understood differently; see axiom and self-evidence. Individual axioms are almost always part of a larger axiomatic system.

  8/24/2026

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  List of algebraic constructions

  An algebraic construction is a method by which an algebraic entity is defined or derived from another. Instances include: Cayley–Dickson construction Proj construction Grothendieck group Gelfand–Naimark–Segal construction Ultraproduct ADHM construction Burnside ring Simplicial set Fox derivative Mapping cone (homological algebra) Prym variety Todd class Adjunction (field theory) Vaughan Jones con

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of additives used for fracking

  The differences between additives for fracking in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid. In 2010, Halliburton announced the creation of food additive based hydraulic fracturing fluid in response to calls for transparency and demand for a "more environmentally friendly" unconventional hydroc

  8/24/2026

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  List of ancient oceans

  This is a list of former oceans that disappeared due to tectonic movements and other geographical and climatic changes. In alphabetic order:

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of algebras

  This is a list of possibly nonassociative algebras. An algebra is a module, wherein you can also multiply two module elements. (The multiplication in the module is compatible with multiplication-by-scalars from the base ring). *-algebra Affine Lie algebra Akivis algebra Algebra for a monad Albert algebra Alternative algebra AW*-algebra Azumaya algebra Banach algebra Birman–Wenzl algebra Boolean a

  8/24/2026

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  List of anatomy mnemonics

  This is a list of human anatomy mnemonics, categorized and alphabetized. For mnemonics in other medical specialties, see this list of medical mnemonics. Mnemonics serve as a systematic method for remembrance of functionally or systemically related items within regions of larger fields of study, such as those found in the study of specific areas of human anatomy, such as the bones in the hand, the

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of animals by number of legs

  The following is a list of selected animals in order of increasing number of legs, from 0 legs to 653 pairs of legs, the maximum recorded in the animal kingdom. Each entry provides the relevant taxa up to the rank of phylum. Each entry also provides the common name of the animal. If the relevant taxon includes different animals with different common names, then the entry provides the common name o

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of astronomical societies

  These are learned societies, both amateur and professional, that are primarily focused on the science and history of astronomy. They are often devoted to promoting astronomy research and education, and many publish their own journals or newsletters.

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of baryons

  Baryons are composite particles made of three quarks, as opposed to mesons, which are composite particles made of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks. Baryons and mesons are both hadrons, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term baryon is derived from the Greek "βαρύς" (barys), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of benzo compounds

  In organic chemistry the addition of the prefix benzo to the name of a chemical compound indicates the addition of an even number of carbon atoms to an unsaturated or already aromatic compound by which a new aromatic ring is formed. Between the prefix benzo and the name of the parent compound then place of the addition of the extra carbon atoms is indicated by letters written between square bracke

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of astronomy acronyms

  This is a compilation of initialisms and acronyms commonly used in astronomy. Most are drawn from professional astronomy, and are used quite frequently in scientific publications. A few are frequently used by the general public or by amateur astronomers. The acronyms listed below were placed into one or more of these categories: Astrophysics terminology – physics-related acronyms Catalog – colle

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of antioxidants in food

  This is a list of antioxidants naturally occurring in food. Vitamin C and vitamin E – which are ubiquitous among raw plant foods – are confirmed as dietary antioxidants, whereas vitamin A becomes an antioxidant following metabolism of provitamin A beta-carotene and cryptoxanthin. Most food compounds listed as antioxidants – such as polyphenols common in colorful, edible plants – have antioxidant a

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of biogeographic provinces

  This page features a list of biogeographic provinces that were developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975, later modified by other authors. Biogeographic Province is a biotic subdivision of biogeographic realms subdivided into ecoregions, which are classified based on their biomes or habitat types and, on this page, correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany. The provinces represent the large areas o

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  List of biology websites

  This is an annotated list of biological websites, including only notable websites dealing with biology generally and those with a more specific focus.

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  Science

  List of aperiodic sets of tiles

  In geometry, a tiling is a partition of the plane (or any other geometric setting) into closed sets (called tiles), without gaps or overlaps (other than the boundaries of the tiles). A tiling is considered periodic if there exist translations in two independent directions which map the tiling onto itself. Such a tiling is composed of a single fundamental unit or primitive cell which repeats endles

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  Science

  List of astronomical observatories in Ukraine

  This is a list of astronomical observatories in Ukraine: Andrushivka Astronomical Observatory Crimean Astrophysical Observatory Mykolaiv Astronomical Observatory Simeiz Observatory White Elephant

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of astronomical instruments

  An astronomical instrument is a device for observing, measuring or recording astronomical data. They are used in the scientific field of astronomy, a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos, with the object of explaining their origin and evolution over time. Many are also used in navigation and surveying. Astronomical instruments include:

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of bacterial disulfide oxidoreductases

  Bacterial thiol disulfide oxidoreductases (TDOR) are bacterial enzymes that participate in redox reactions involving cysteine residues. Along with unfolded proteins, they are secreted from bacterial cells into periplasmic spaces or extracellularly, and may have membrane anchors. Some have functions in promoting processes of adhesion and biofilm development, and generally disease development.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of antimicrobial peptides in the female reproductive tract

  Antimicrobial peptides are short peptides that possess antimicrobial properties. The female reproductive tract and its tissues produce antimicrobial peptides as part of the immune response. These peptides are able to fight pathogens and at the same time allow the maintenance of the microbiota that are part of the reproductive system in women. Defensins alpha-Defensins beta-Defensins theta-defensi

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  Science

  List of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

  A list of antibiotic resistant bacteria is provided below. These bacteria have shown antibiotic resistance (or antimicrobial resistance).

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  Science

  List of atmospheric optical phenomena

  Atmospheric optical phenomena include: Afterglow Airglow Alexander's band, the dark region between the two bows of a double rainbow. Alpenglow Anthelion Anticrepuscular rays Aurora (northern and southern lights, aurora borealis and aurora australis) Belt of Venus Brocken Spectre Circumhorizontal arc Circumzenithal arc Cloud iridescence Crepuscular rays Earth's shadow Earthquake lights Glories Gre

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