Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

• Science

  List of mathematical functions

  In mathematics, some functions or groups of functions are important enough to deserve their own names. This is a listing of articles which explain some of these functions in more detail. There is a large theory of special functions which developed out of statistics and mathematical physics. A modern, abstract point of view contrasts large function spaces, which are infinite-dimensional and within

  8/24/2026

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  List of mathematical logic topics

  This is a list of mathematical logic topics. For traditional syllogistic logic, see the list of topics in logic. See also the list of computability and complexity topics for more theory of algorithms.

  8/24/2026

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  List of mathematical examples

  This page will attempt to list examples in mathematics. To qualify for inclusion, an article should be about a mathematical object with a fair amount of concreteness. Usually a definition of an abstract concept, a theorem, or a proof would not be an "example" as the term should be understood here (an elegant proof of an isolated but particularly striking fact, as opposed to a proof of a general

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical topics in quantum theory

  This is a list of mathematical topics in quantum theory, by Wikipedia page. See also list of functional analysis topics, list of Lie group topics, list of quantum-mechanical systems with analytical solutions.

  8/24/2026

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  List of mathematical topics in classical mechanics

  This is a list of mathematical topics in classical mechanics, by Wikipedia page. See also list of variational topics, correspondence principle.

  8/24/2026

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  List of mathematical identities

  This article lists mathematical identities, that is, identically true relations holding in mathematics. Binet-cauchy identity Binomial inverse theorem Binomial identity Brahmagupta–Fibonacci two-square identity Candido's identity Cassini and Catalan identities Degen's eight-square identity Difference of two squares Euler's four-square identity Euler's identity Fibonacci's identity see Brahmagupta

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  Space (mathematics)

  In mathematics, a space is a set (sometimes known as a universe) endowed with a structure defining the relationships among the elements of the set. A subspace is a subset of the parent space which retains the same mathematical structure. While modern mathematics uses many types of spaces, such as Euclidean spaces, linear spaces, topological spaces, Hilbert spaces, or probability spaces, it does no

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical series

  This list of mathematical series contains formulae for finite and infinite sums. It can be used in conjunction with other tools for evaluating sums. Here, 0 0 {\displaystyle 0^{0}} is taken to have the value 1 {\displaystyle 1} {

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical abbreviations

  This following list features abbreviated names of mathematical functions, function-like operators and other mathematical terminology. This list is limited to abbreviations of two or more letters (excluding number sets). The capitalization of some of these abbreviations is not standardized – different authors might use different capitalizations.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical properties of points

  In mathematics, the following appear: Algebraic point Associated point Base point Closed point Divisor point Embedded point Extreme point Fermat point Fixed point Focal point Geometric point Hyperbolic equilibrium point Ideal point Inflection point Integral point Isolated point Generic point Heegner point Lattice hole, Lattice point Lebesgue point Midpoint Napoleon points Non-singular point Norma

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical physics journals

  This is a list of peer-reviewed scientific journals published in the field of Mathematical Physics. Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Annales Henri Poincaré Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis Communications in Mathematical Physics General Relativity and Gravitation International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics Journal of Geometry and Physics Journal of Mathe

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematical constants

  A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. For example, the constant π may be defined as the ratio of the length of a circle's circumference to its diameter. The following list includes a decimal expansio

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of mathematical artists

  This is a list of artists who actively explored mathematics in their artworks. Art forms practised by these artists include painting, sculpture, architecture, textiles and origami. Some artists such as Piero della Francesca and Luca Pacioli went so far as to write books on mathematics in art. Della Francesca wrote books on solid geometry and the emerging field of perspective, including De Prospect

  8/24/2026

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  List of mathematics books

  This is a list of mathematics books including textbooks, expository works, popular mathematics fields, and historically significant treatises.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of homological algebra topics

  This is a list of homological algebra topics, by Wikipedia page. Homological algebra is the branch of mathematics that studies homology in a general algebraic setting. It is a relatively young discipline, whose origins can be traced to investigations in combinatorial topology (a precursor to algebraic topology) and abstract algebra (theory of modules and syzygies) at the end of the 19th century, c

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of honey bee pheromones

  The pheromones of the honey bee are mixtures of chemical substances released by individual bees into the hive or environment that cause changes in the physiology and behaviour of other bees.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of highly toxic gases

  Many gases have toxic properties, which are often assessed using the LC50 (median lethal concentration) measure. In the United States, many of these gases have been assigned an NFPA 704 health rating of 4 (may be fatal) or 3 (may cause serious or permanent injury), and/or exposure limits (TLV, TWA/PEL, STEL, or REL) determined by the ACGIH professional association. Some, but by no means all, toxic

  8/24/2026

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  List of human leukocyte antigen alleles associated with cutaneous conditions

  There are many human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles associated with conditions of or affecting the human integumentary system

  8/24/2026

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  List of ice cores

  This is a list of ice cores drilled for scientific purposes. Note that many of these locations are on moving ice sheets, and the latitude and longitude given is as of the date of drilling.

  8/24/2026

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  List of human transcription factors

  This list of manually-curated human transcription factors is taken from Lambert, Jolma, Campitelli, et al. More detailed information can be found in the manuscript and accompanying web site.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of herbaria in Turkey

  The following is a list of herbaria in Turkey. Herbaria are established within faculties and institutes of credible universities. Those created in departments that are concerned with natural sciences such as botany, ecology, biogeography and climatology are mostly used to do research on the genetics of the plants, to examine their distribution on specific geographical locations and to protect them

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of herbicides

  This is a list of herbicides. These are chemical compounds which have been registered as herbicides. The names on the list are the ISO common name for the active ingredient which is formulated into the branded product sold to end-users. The University of Hertfordshire maintains a database of the chemical and biological properties of these materials, including their brand names and the countries an

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of immune cells

  This is a list of immune cells, also known as white blood cells, white cells, leukocytes, or leucocytes. They are cells involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of hypothetical particles

  This is a list of hypothetical particles. Hypothetical particles are proposed subatomic or composite entities arising in theoretical particle physics and cosmology that have not been experimentally confirmed. They are typically introduced to address limitations of the Standard Model, unify fundamental interactions, or explain unresolved observations such as dark matter, neutrino masses, baryon asy

  8/24/2026

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  Science

  List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules

  This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium and circumstellar envelopes, grouped by the number of component atoms. The chemical formula is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  Bachelor of Mathematics

  A Bachelor of Mathematics (abbreviated B.Math, BMath, or BMaths) is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for successfully completing a program of study in mathematics or related disciplines, such as applied mathematics, actuarial science, computational science, data analytics, financial mathematics, mathematical physics, pure mathematics, operations research, or statistics. The Bachelor of Mat

  8/24/2026

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  List of inorganic compounds

  Although most compounds are referred to by their IUPAC systematic names (following IUPAC nomenclature), traditional names have also been kept where they are in wide use or of significant historical interests.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of knot theory topics

  Knot theory is the study of mathematical knots. While inspired by knots which appear in daily life in shoelaces and rope, a mathematician's knot differs in that the ends are joined so that it cannot be undone. In precise mathematical language, a knot is an embedding of a circle in 3-dimensional Euclidean space, R3. Two mathematical knots are equivalent if one can be transformed into the other vi

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of islands created since the 20th century

  Below is a list of new islands created since the beginning of the 20th century by volcanism, erosion, glacial retreat, or other mechanisms, excluding artificial islands. One of the most famous new volcanic islands is the small island of Surtsey, located in the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland. It first emerged from the ocean surface in 1963. Two years later, Surtsey was declared a nature reserve fo

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of interstitial cells

  Interstitial cell refers to any cell that lies in the spaces between the functional cells of a tissue. Examples include: Interstitial cell of Cajal (ICC) Leydig cells, cells present in the male testes responsible for the production of androgen (male sex hormone) A portion of the stroma of ovary Certain cells in the pineal gland Renal interstitial cells Neuroglial cells

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of kampo herbs

  Kampō (漢方) is the Japanese study and adaptation of traditional Chinese medicine. In 1967, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan approved four kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. In 1976, 82 kampō medicines were approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Currently, 148 kampō medicines are approved for reimbursement. The 14

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of impossible puzzles

  This is a list of puzzles that cannot be solved. An impossible puzzle is a puzzle that cannot be resolved, either due to lack of sufficient information, or any number of logical impossibilities. 15 Puzzle – Slide fifteen numbered tiles into numerical order. It is impossible to solve in half of the starting positions. Five room puzzle – Cross each wall of a diagram exactly once with a continuous l

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of instruments used in endocrinology

  Endocrinology is a branch of internal medicine dealing with hormones, the chemical messengers released internally to regulate the body's physiologic functions. Endocrinologists diagnose and manage diseases of endocrine glands, including hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreatic islets, adrenals, testes, and ovaries. Some of the most common conditions treated are diabetes mellitus,

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of karst areas

  Karst topography is a geological formation shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite, but also in gypsum. It has also been documented for weathering-resistant rocks, such as quartzite, given the right conditions. This is an incomplete list of the major karst landscape areas of the world.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of inorganic compounds named after people

  Well-known inorganic and organometallic compounds and reagents that are named after individuals include: Adams' catalyst (proposed to be PtOx) Adamsite (NH(C6H4)2AsCl) Adkins catalyst (Cu2Cr2O5) Attenburrow's Oxide (MnO2) Arduengo carbene (class of compounds) Baeyer's reagent (KMnO4(aq)) Benedict's reagent Bobbitt's salt (4-(Acetylamino)-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-oxo-piperidinium tetrafluoroborate)

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of inorganic reactions

  Well-known types of reactions that involve inorganic compounds include: Alkylation Alkyne trimerisation Alkyne metathesis Aminolysis Amination Arylation Barbier reaction Beta-hydride elimination Birch reduction Bönnemann cyclization Bromination Buchwald–Hartwig coupling Cadiot–Chodkiewicz coupling Calcination Carbometalation Carbothermal reduction Carbonation Carbonylation Castro–Stephens couplin

  8/24/2026

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  List of institutes and centers of the National Institutes of Health

  The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services and is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and health-related research. It comprises 27 separate institutes and centers (ICs) that carry out its mission in different areas of biomedical research. It also includes the Office of the Director, whi

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of irreducible Tits indices

  In the mathematical theory of linear algebraic groups, a Tits index (or index) is an object used to classify semisimple algebraic groups defined over a base field k, not assumed to be algebraically closed. The possible irreducible indices were classified by Jacques Tits, and this classification is reproduced below. (Because every index is a direct sum of irreducible indices, classifying all indice

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of insecticides

  This is a list of insecticides. These are chemical compounds which have been registered as insecticides. Biological insecticides are not included. The names on the list are the ISO common names. A complete list of pesticide common names is published by the BCPC. The University of Hertfordshire maintains a database of the chemical and biological properties of these materials, including their brand

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

  Latin and Greek letters are used in mathematics, science, engineering, and other areas where mathematical notation is used as symbols for constants, special functions, and also conventionally for variables representing certain quantities.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of lemmas

  This following is a list of lemmas (or, "lemmata", i.e. minor theorems, or sometimes intermediate technical results factored out of proofs). See also list of axioms, list of theorems and list of conjectures.

  8/24/2026

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  List of manifolds

  This is a list of particular manifolds. See also list of geometric topology topics. For categorical listings see Category:Manifolds and its subcategories.

  8/24/2026

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  List of logic symbols

  In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contain an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode location, the name for use in HTML documents, and the LaTeX symbol.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of large cardinal properties

  This page includes a list of large cardinal properties in the mathematical field of set theory. It is arranged roughly in order of the consistency strength of the axiom asserting the existence of cardinals with the given property. Existence of a cardinal number κ of a given type implies the existence of cardinals of most of the types listed above that type, and for most listed cardinal description

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of longest-living organisms

  This is a list of the longest-living biological organisms: the individuals or clones of a species with the longest natural maximum life spans. For a given species, such a designation may include: The oldest known individual(s) that are currently alive, with verified ages. Verified individual record holders, such as the longest-lived human, Jeanne Calment, or the longest-lived domestic cat, Creme

  8/24/2026

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  List of limits

  This is a list of limits for common functions such as elementary functions. In this article, the terms a, b and c are constants with respect to x.

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of macronutrients

  This list is a categorization of the most common food components based on their macronutrients. Macronutrients can refer to the chemical substances that humans consume in the largest quantities (See Nutrient);

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of mathematic operators

  In mathematics, an operator or transform is a function from one space of functions to another. Operators occur commonly in engineering, physics and mathematics. Many are integral operators and differential operators. In the following L is an operator L : F → G

  8/24/2026

• Science

  List of marine ecoregions

  The following is a list of marine ecoregions, as defined by the WWF and The Nature Conservancy The WWF/Nature Conservancy scheme groups the individual ecoregions into 12 marine realms, which represent the broad latitudinal divisions of polar, temperate, and tropical seas, with subdivisions based on ocean basins. The marine realms are subdivided into 62 marine provinces, which include one or more o

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  Science

  List of large volcanic eruptions

  This is a sortable list of large eruptions that occurred between 11.7 Ka and 450+ Ma. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. The inclusion criteria here only covers entries with a Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 5 or greater. The given values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references, and are given as VEI-equivalent, as a

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