Scientific News

Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.

• Science

  List of synthetic polymers

  Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc. The common PET bottles are made of a synthetic polymer, polyethylene terephthalate. The plastic kits and covers are mostly made of synthetic polymers like polythene, and tires are manufactured from polybutadienes. Ho

  8/25/2026

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  List of therapies

  This is a list of types of medical therapy, including forms of traditional medicine and alternative medicine. For psychotherapies and other behavioral and psychological intervention methods, see list of psychotherapies.

  8/25/2026

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  List of thermodynamic properties

  In thermodynamics, a physical property is any property that is measurable, and whose value describes a state of a physical system. Thermodynamic properties are defined as characteristic features of a system, capable of specifying the system's state. Some constants, such as the ideal gas constant, R, do not describe the state of a system, and so are not properties. On the other hand, some constant

  8/25/2026

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  List of theoretical physicists

  The following is a partial list of notable theoretical physicists. Arranged by century of birth, then century of death, then year of birth, then year of death, then alphabetically by surname. For explanation of symbols, see Notes at end of this article.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of tectonic plates

  This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth's surface. Tectonic plates are pieces of Earth's crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere. The plates are around 100 km (62 mi) thick and consist of two principal types of material: oceanic crust (also called sima from silicon and magnesium) and continental crust (sial from silicon and aluminium). The composition of the two type

  8/25/2026

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  List of theorems

  This is a list of notable theorems. Lists of theorems and similar statements include: List of algebras List of algorithms List of axioms List of conjectures List of data structures List of derivatives and integrals in alternative calculi List of equations List of fundamental theorems List of hypotheses List of inequalities Lists of integrals List of laws List of lemmas List of limits List of loga

  8/25/2026

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  List of topics related to π

  This is a list of topics related to pi (π), the fundamental mathematical constant. 2π theorem Approximations of π Arithmetic–geometric mean Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula Basel problem Borwein's algorithm Buffon's needle Cadaeic Cadenza Chronology of computation of π Circle Euler's identity Six nines in pi Gauss–Legendre algorithm Gaussian function History of π A History of Pi Indiana Pi Bill Lei

  8/25/2026

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  List of theorems called fundamental

  In mathematics, a fundamental theorem is a theorem which is considered to be central and conceptually important for some topic. For example, the fundamental theorem of calculus gives the relationship between differential calculus and integral calculus. The names are mostly traditional, so that for example the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is basic to what would now be called number theory. Som

  8/25/2026

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  List of systemic diseases with ocular manifestations

  An ocular manifestation of a systemic disease is an eye condition that directly or indirectly results from a disease process in another part of the body. There are many diseases known to cause ocular or visual changes. Diabetes, for example, is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in those aged 20–74, with ocular manifestations such as diabetic retinopathy and macular edema affecting up to

  8/25/2026

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  List of thermal conductivities

  In heat transfer, the thermal conductivity of a substance, k, is an intensive property that indicates its ability to conduct heat. For most materials, the amount of heat conducted varies (usually non-linearly) with temperature. Thermal conductivity is often measured with laser flash analysis. Alternative measurements are also established. Mixtures may have variable thermal conductivities due to c

  8/25/2026

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  List of telescope parts and construction

  This article lists the major hardware components, software systems, and support equipment involved in telescope construction and operation, including mounts, optics such as mirrors and lenses, eyepieces, corrector plates, and control interfaces. The components described apply broadly across telescope types, from amateur refractors to large professional reflecting telescopes.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of textbooks in electromagnetism

  The study of electromagnetism in higher education, as a fundamental part of both physics and electrical engineering, is typically accompanied by textbooks devoted to the subject. The American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers recommend a full year of graduate study in electromagnetism for all physics graduate students. A joint task force by those organizations in 20

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of taxa with candidatus status

  This is a list of taxa with Candidatus status. For taxa not covered by this list, see also: the GenBank taxonomy for "effective" names as published; the Candidatus Lists and LPSN for latinate names, some sanitized to match the Code.

  8/25/2026

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  List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics

  This is a list of notable textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics arranged according to level and surnames of the authors in alphabetical order.

  8/25/2026

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  List of textbooks in physics

  List of textbooks in physics: Category:Physics textbooks List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics List of textbooks in electromagnetism List of textbooks on relativity List of textbooks in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics

  8/25/2026

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  List of things named after Felix Hausdorff

  Felix Hausdorff (November 8, 1868 – January 26, 1942) was a German mathematician. He made significant contributions to mathematics, specifically in the fields of set theory and topology.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of sandstones

  This is a list of types of sandstone that have been or are used economically as natural stone for building and other commercial or artistic purposes.

  8/25/2026

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  List of steroid abbreviations

  The steroid hormones are referred to by various abbreviations in the biological literature. The purpose of this list is to give commonly used abbreviations for steroid hormones, with supporting references to the literature.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of stars for navigation

  Fifty-seven navigational stars and additionally the star Polaris are given a special status in the field of celestial navigation. Of the approximately six thousand stars visible to the naked eye under optimal conditions, these selected stars are among the brightest and span thirty-eight constellations of the celestial sphere from the declination of −70° to +89°. Many of the selected stars were nam

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of subviral agents

  Subviral agents are pathogenic entities that can cause disease, but lack various fundamental properties of viruses. Subviral agents consist of satellites, viroids, prions, defective interfering particles, viriforms, and, most recently, obelisks.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of rock types

  The following is a list of rock types recognized by geologists. There is no agreed number of specific types of rock. Any unique combination of chemical composition, mineralogy, grain size, texture, or other distinguishing characteristics can describe a rock type. Additionally, different classification systems exist for each major type of rock. There are three major types of rock: igneous rock, met

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of refractive indices

  Most of the materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices often depend strongly upon the frequency of light, causing optical dispersion. Standard refractive index measurements are taken at the "yellow doublet" sodium D line, with a wavelength (λ) of 589 nanometers. There are also weaker dependencies on temperature, pressure/stress, etc., as well on precise material compos

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of scientific constants named after people

  This is a list of physical and mathematical constants named after people. Eponymous constants and their influence on scientific citations have been discussed in the literature. Apéry's constant – Roger Apéry Archimedes' constant (π, pi) – Archimedes Avogadro constant – Amedeo Avogadro Balmer's constant – Johann Jakob Balmer Belphegor's prime – Belphegor (demon) Bohr magneton – Niels Bohr Bohr rad

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of seas on Earth

  This is a list of seas of the World Ocean, including marginal seas, areas of water, various gulfs, bights, bays, and straits. In many cases it is a matter of tradition for a body of water to be named a sea or a bay, etc., therefore all these types are listed here. Entities called "seas" which are not divisions of the World Ocean are not included in this list, nor are ocean gyres.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of refrigerants

  This is a list of refrigerants, sorted by their ASHRAE-designated numbers, commonly known as R numbers. Many modern refrigerants are human-made halogenated gases, especially fluorinated gases and chlorinated gases, that are frequently referred to as Freon (a registered trademark of Chemours). Freons are responsible for the formation of the ozone hole. The Vienna Convention for the Protection o

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of saturated fatty acids

  Saturated fatty acids are fatty acids that make up saturated fats. Since the number of saturated fatty acids that we know of is extremely large, this list shown is by no means fully comprehensive. This list covers the few most common.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of scientific publications by Albert Einstein

  Albert Einstein (1879–1955) was a renowned theoretical physicist of the 20th century, best known for his special and general theories of relativity. He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics, especially by his treatment of Brownian motion, his resolution of the paradox of specific heats, and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation. Despite his reservations about its int

  8/25/2026

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  List of representation theory topics

  This is a list of representation theory topics, by Wikipedia page. See also list of harmonic analysis topics, which is more directed towards the mathematical analysis aspects of representation theory. See also: Glossary of representation theory

  8/25/2026

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  List of rogue waves incidents

  This list of rogue waves compiles incidents of known and likely rogue waves – also known as freak waves, monster waves, killer waves, and extreme waves. These are dangerous and rare ocean surface waves that unexpectedly reach at least twice the height of the tallest waves around them, and are often described by witnesses as "walls of water". They occur in deep water, usually far out at sea, and ar

  8/25/2026

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  List of recreational number theory topics

  This is a list of recreational number theory topics (see number theory, recreational mathematics). Listing here is not pejorative: many famous topics in number theory have origins in challenging problems posed purely for their own sake. See list of number theory topics for pages dealing with aspects of number theory with more consolidated theories.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of search appliance vendors

  A search appliance is a type of computer which is attached to a corporate network for the purpose of indexing the content shared across that network in a way that is similar to a web search engine. It may be made accessible through a public web interface or restricted to users of that network. A search appliance is usually made up of: a gathering component, a standardizing component, a data storag

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of research methods in biology

  This list of research methods in biology is an index to articles about research methodologies used in various branches of biology.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes

  This list of "sequenced" eukaryotic genomes contains all the eukaryotes known to have publicly available complete nuclear and organelle genome sequences that have been sequenced, assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle-only sequences. DNA was first sequenced in 1977. The first free-living organism to have its genome completely sequenced was the bacteri

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of shields and cratons

  A craton is an ancient part of the Earth's continental crust which has been more or less stable since Precambrian times. Cratons whose ancient rocks are widely exposed at the surface, often with relatively subdued relief, are known as shields. If the ancient rocks are largely overlain by a cover of younger rocks then the 'hidden' craton may be referred to as a platform.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of second moments of area

  The following is a list of second moments of area of some shapes. The second moment of area, also known as area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with respect to an arbitrary axis. The unit of dimension of the second moment of area is length to fourth power, L4, and should not be confused with the mass moment of inertia. If the pi

  8/25/2026

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  List of sequenced archaeal genomes

  This list of sequenced archaeal genomes contains all the archaea known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and deposited in public databases. Methanococcus jannaschii was the first archaeon whose genome was sequenced, in 1996. Currently in this list there are 39 genomes belonging to Crenarchaeota species, 105 belonging to the Euryarchaeota, 1 ge

  8/25/2026

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  List of sequenced bacterial genomes

  This list of sequenced eubacterial genomes contains most of the eubacteria known to have publicly available complete genome sequences. Most of these sequences have been placed in the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, a public database which can be searched on the web. A few of the listed genomes may not be in the INSDC database, but in other public databases. Genomes listed

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of sequenced plastomes

  A plastome is the genome of a plastid, a type of organelle found in plants and in a variety of protists. The number of known plastid genome sequences grew rapidly in the first decade of the twenty-first century. For example, 25 chloroplast genomes were sequenced for one molecular phylogenetic study. The flowering plants are especially well represented in complete chloroplast genomes. As of January

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of sequenced fungi genomes

  This list of sequenced fungi genomes contains all the fungal species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see lists of sequenced genomes.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of sequenced plant genomes

  This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published. Unassembled genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes. For mitochondrial genomes, see list of sequenced plant mitochondrial genomes, For plastid genomes, see li

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of sequenced animal genomes

  This list of sequenced animal genomes contains animal species for which complete genome sequences have been assembled, annotated and published. Substantially complete draft genomes are included, but not partial genome sequences or organelle-only sequences. For all kingdoms, see the list of sequenced genomes. For the far more abundant mitochondrial genomes, see list of sequenced animal mitochondria

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of sequenced protist genomes

  This list of sequenced protist genomes contains all the protist species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated and published; draft genomes are not included, nor are organelle only sequences.

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of shapes with known packing constant

  The packing constant of a geometric body is the largest average density achieved by packing arrangements of congruent copies of the body. For most bodies the value of the packing constant is unknown. The following is a list of bodies in Euclidean spaces whose packing constant is known. Fejes Tóth proved that in the plane, a point symmetric body has a packing constant that is equal to its translati

  8/25/2026

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  List of self-intersecting polygons

  Self-intersecting polygons, crossed polygons, or self-crossing polygons are polygons some of whose edges cross each other. They contrast with simple polygons, whose edges never cross. Some types of self-intersecting polygons are: the crossed quadrilateral, with four edges the antiparallelogram, a crossed quadrilateral with alternate edges of equal length the crossed rectangle, an antiparallelogr

  8/25/2026

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  List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States

  List of sex-hormonal medications available in the United States may refer to: List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States List of estrogens available in the United States List of progestogens available in the United States

  8/25/2026

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  List of set identities and relations

  This article lists mathematical properties and laws of sets, involving the set-theoretic operations of union, intersection, and complementation and the relations of set equality and set inclusion. It also provides systematic procedures for evaluating expressions, and performing calculations, involving these operations and relations. The binary operations of set union ( ∪

  8/25/2026

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  List of second-generation physicists

  The following is a list of parent-child pairs who were both notable for their contribution in physics. The list is in alphabetical order by the parent's last name. Four parent-child pairs have been awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics: J. J. and George Paget Thomson (1906, 1937), William H. and Lawrence Bragg (1915), Niels and Aage Bohr (1922,1975), Manne and Kai Siegbahn (1924,1981). Marie and Pie

  8/25/2026

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  Science

  List of superseded scientific theories

  This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific natural history and natural philosophy that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available d

  8/25/2026

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  List of statements independent of ZFC

  The mathematical statements discussed below are provably independent of ZFC (the canonical axiomatic set theory of contemporary mathematics, consisting of the Zermelo–Fraenkel axioms plus the axiom of choice), assuming that ZFC is consistent. A statement is independent of ZFC (sometimes phrased "undecidable in ZFC") if it can neither be proven nor disproven from the axioms of ZFC.

  8/25/2026

• Science

  List of straight-chain alkanes

  The following is a list of straight-chain alkanes, the total number of isomers of each (including branched chains), and their common names, sorted by number of carbon atoms.

  8/25/2026