Scientific News
Articles across mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and astronomy.
Science
Thermodynamic potential
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. Similarly to the potential energy of the conservative gravitational field, defined as capacity to do work, various thermodynamic potentials have similar meanings. The author of the term of thermodynamic potentials is Pierre Duhem in an 1886 wo
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic equilibrium is a notion of thermodynamics with axiomatic status referring to an internal state of a single thermodynamic system, or a relation between several thermodynamic systems connected by more or less permeable or impermeable walls. In thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net macroscopic flows of mass nor of energy within a system or between systems. In a system that is in
8/25/2026
Science
Thermocline
A thermocline (also known as the thermal layer or the metalimnion in lakes) is a distinct layer based on temperature within a large body of fluid (e.g. water, as in an ocean or lake; or air, e.g. an atmosphere) with a high gradient of distinct temperature differences associated with depth. In the ocean, the thermocline divides the upper mixed layer from the calm deep water below. Depending largely
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic equations
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental set of postulates, that became the laws of thermodynamics.
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic and kinetic reaction control
Thermodynamic reaction control or kinetic reaction control in a chemical reaction can decide the composition in a reaction product mixture when competing pathways lead to different products and the reaction conditions influence the selectivity or stereoselectivity. The distinction is relevant when product A forms faster than product B because the activation energy for product A is lower than that
8/25/2026
Science
Thermalisation
In physics, thermalisation (or thermalization) is the process of physical bodies reaching thermal equilibrium through mutual interaction. In general, the natural tendency of a system is towards a state of equipartition of energy and uniform temperature that maximizes the system's entropy. Thermalisation, thermal equilibrium, and temperature are therefore important fundamental concepts within stat
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic limit
In statistical mechanics, the thermodynamic limit or macroscopic limit, of a system is the limit for a large number N of particles (e.g., atoms or molecules) where the volume V is taken to grow in proportion with the number of particles. The thermodynamic limit is defined as the limit of a system with a large volume, with the particle density held fixed: N →
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic state
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamic state of a system is its condition at a specific time; that is, fully identified by values of a suitable set of parameters known as state variables, state parameters or thermodynamic variables. Once such a set of values of thermodynamic variables has been specified for a system, the values of all thermodynamic properties of the system are uniquely determined. Usu
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic instruments
A thermodynamic instrument is any device for the measurement of thermodynamic systems. In order for a thermodynamic parameter or physical quantity to be truly defined, a technique for its measurement must be specified. For example, the ultimate definition of temperature is "what a thermometer reads". The question follows – what is a thermometer? There are two types of thermodynamic instruments: th
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic process
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a final state of thermodynamic equilibrium. In classical thermodynamics, the actual
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic cycle
A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. In the process of passing through a cycle, the working fluid (system) may convert heat from a warm source into u
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic diagrams
Thermodynamic diagrams are diagrams used to represent the thermodynamic states of a material (typically fluid) and the consequences of manipulating this material. For instance, a temperature–entropy diagram (T–s diagram) may be used to demonstrate the behavior of a fluid as it is changed by a compressor.
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamicist
In thermodynamics, a thermodynamicist is someone who studies thermodynamic processes and phenomena, i.e. the physics that deal with mechanical action and relations of heat. Among the well-known number of famous thermodynamicists, include Sadi Carnot, Rudolf Clausius, Willard Gibbs, Hermann von Helmholtz, and Max Planck.
8/25/2026
Science
Thermal transmittance
Thermal transmittance is the rate of transfer of heat through matter. The thermal transmittance of a material (such as insulation or concrete) or an assembly (such as a wall or window) is expressed as a U-value. The thermal insulance of a structure is the reciprocal of its thermal transmittance.
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic square
The thermodynamic square (also known as the thermodynamic wheel, Guggenheim scheme (after Edward A. Guggenheim) or Born square) is a mnemonic diagram attributed to Max Born and used to help determine thermodynamic relations. Born presented the thermodynamic square in a 1929 lecture. The symmetry of thermodynamics appears in a paper by F.O. Koenig. The corners represent common conjugate variables
8/25/2026
Science
Thermo-dielectric effect
The thermo-dielectric effect is the production of electric currents and charge separation during phase transition. This interesting effect was discovered by Joaquim da Costa Ribeiro in 1944. The Brazilian physicist observed that solidification and melting of many dielectrics are accompanied by charge separation. A thermo-dielectric effect was demonstrated with carnauba wax, naphthalene and paraffi
8/25/2026
Science
Thermodynamic operation
A thermodynamic operation refers to any external manipulation impacting a thermodynamic system. This can involve alterations to the system's boundary with its surroundings or changes in the values of variables within those surroundings that interact with the system's boundary, facilitating the transfer of extensive quantities associated with those variables. In thermodynamics, it is assumed that s
8/25/2026
Science
Thermobiology
Thermobiology is the scientific study of how temperature impacts biology and how organisms have adapted to the temperature of their environments. Examples include the natural selection for adaptations such as thermoregulation in macro-organisms including fur growth in mammals and seasonal shedding of leaves in deciduous plants, but also the reliance of thermophilic bacteria on heat-resistant DNA p
8/25/2026
Science
The Louis and Artur Lucian Award in Cardiovascular Diseases
The Louis and Artur Lucian Award in Cardiovascular Diseases is a prize for cardiovascular medicine conferred by McGill University. Described as Canada's "top cardiovascular research prize", it has been awarded annually since 1978, except in 2007.
8/25/2026
Science
Theory of regions
The Theory of regions is an approach for synthesizing a Petri net from a transition system. As such, it aims at recovering concurrent, independent behavior from transitions between global states. Theory of regions handles elementary net systems as well as P/T nets and other kinds of nets. An important point is that the approach is aimed at the synthesis of unlabeled Petri nets only.
8/25/2026
Science
The Internet Pilot to Physics
TIPTOP (fully known as The Internet Pilot to Physics) was a web site operated in collaboration between Kenneth Bodin-Holmlund at Umeå University, Mikko Karttunen at McGill University and Guenther Nowotny at the Technical University of Vienna during 1994–1998, and it was originally derived from Physics Around the World (PAW) that was initiated by Karttunen at McGill University. In a historical pers
8/25/2026
Science
The Inner Life of the Cell
The Inner Life of the Cell is an 8.5-minute 3D computer graphics animation demonstrating the molecular mechanisms that occur when a white blood cell in the blood vessels of the human body is activated by inflammation (Leukocyte extravasation). It shows how a white blood cell rolls along the inner surface of the capillary, flattens out, and squeezes through the cells of the capillary wall to the si
8/25/2026
Science
The Murchison Fund
The Murchison Fund is an award granted by the Geological Society of London honoring researchers under the age of 40 who made significant contributions to the study of tectonic geology and hard rock. It received the name in recognition of Prof. Roderick Impey Murchison.
8/25/2026
Science
The MICCAI Society
The MICCAI Society is a professional organization for scientists in the areas of Medical Image Computing and Computer Assisted Interventions. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of these fields, the society brings together researchers from several scientific disciplines. including computer science, robotics, physics, and medicine. The society is best known for its annual flagship event, The MICCAI
8/25/2026
Science
The Llura Liggett Gund Award
The Llura Liggett Gund Award honors researchers for career achievements that have significantly advanced the research and development of preventions, treatments and cures for eye disease. The award is the highest tribute presented by the Foundation Fighting Blindness, a nonprofit organization that funds research and clinical trials on eye disease. It is named after Llura Liggett Gund, a national t
8/25/2026
Science
The Mystery of Matter
The Mystery of Matter: Search for the Elements is a 2014 American documentary miniseries, which premiered nationwide on August 19, 2015. The PBS documentary, in three-episodes of one hour each, was directed by Stephen Lyons and Muffie Meyer. The series, which took ten years to make, describes the search for the basic chemical elements that form matter by focusing on the lives and times of seven sc
8/25/2026
Science
The Master Algorithm
The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World is a book by Pedro Domingos released in 2015. Domingos wrote the book in order to generate interest from people outside the field.
8/25/2026
Science
The Porter Garden Telescope
The Porter Garden Telescope was an innovative ornamental telescope for the garden designed by Russell W. Porter and commercialized by Jones & Lamson Machine Company at the beginning of the 1920s in the United States. Oriented to users with high purchasing power, and constructed in statuary bronze, it could be left permanently outdoors like sculptures and sundials, keeping the delicate optics in a
8/25/2026
Science
The Improvised Field Hospital
The Improvised Field Hospital (French - L'ambulance improvisée) or Monet after His Accident at the Inn of Chailly is an oil-on-canvas painting created in 1865 by the French painter Frédéric Bazille. It shows Claude Monet in bed recovering from a leg injury he had sustained in summer 1865, in Chailly-en-Bière, small village just on the outskirts of the forest of Fontainebleau. The work has been in
8/25/2026
Science
The Machine in Neptune's Garden
The Machine in Neptune's Garden: Historical Perspectives on Technology and the Marine Environment is a 2004 book edited by Helen M. Rozwadowski and David K. van Keuren. The book takes its name from Leo Marx's influential book The Machine in the Garden. It is a product of the Maury III conference on the history of oceanography held in Monterey, California in 2001. It argues the centrality of techno
8/25/2026
Science
The Oyster Question
The Oyster Question: Scientists, Watermen, and the Maryland Chesapeake Bay since 1880 is a 2009 book by Christine Keiner. It examines the conflict between oystermen and scientists in the Chesapeake Bay from the end of the nineteenth century to the present, which includes the period of the so-called "Oyster Wars" and the precipitous decline of the oyster industry at the end of the twentieth century
8/25/2026
Science
The Institute of Chemists PNG
The Institute of Chemistry PNG is the professional organisation supporting chemical sciences in Papua New Guinea and a learned society promoting the science and practice of chemistry.
8/25/2026
Science
The Poem of Angkor Wat
The Poem of Angkor Wat (ល្បើកអង្គរវត្ត Lpoek Angkor Vat or Lbaeuk Ângkôr Vôtt), is a Khmer poem which dates from the beginning of the 17th century. It celebrates Angkor Wat, the magnificent temple complex at Angkor and describes the bas-reliefs in the temple galleries that portray the Reamker. The Poem of Angkor Wat is considered to be the earliest original literary work in Khmer language. It is
8/25/2026
Science
The Ocean Frontier Institute
The Ocean Frontier Institute (OFI) is a non-profit research and higher education organization dedicated to ocean-based research and data. Established in 2016, the institute focuses its research on achieving net zero, protecting ocean biodiversity and sustaining ocean bioresources. OFI is based at Dalhousie University in the Ocean Sciences Building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
8/25/2026
Science
The Value of Science
The Value of Science (French: La Valeur de la Science) is a book by the French mathematician, physicist, and philosopher Henri Poincaré. It was published in 1904. The book deals with questions in the philosophy of science and adds detail to the topics addressed by Poincaré's previous book, Science and Hypothesis (1902).
8/25/2026
Science
The Mixon
The Mixon (reef, rocks or shoal) are a limestone outcrop in the English Channel about 1 mile (1,600 m) off Selsey Bill, West Sussex. It was formed during the Eocene period. At the east end of the reef is a gully with a depth of 30 meters (98 ft). Known as the "Mixon Hole", this feature makes up the north side of a drowned river gorge. The Mixon is part of a Marine Conservation Zone and supports d
8/25/2026
Science
The Novo Nordisk Prize
The Novo Nordisk Prize is an annual award presented to acknowledge exceptional contributions within the fields of medical and health sciences. It is specifically aimed at individuals who have demonstrated outstanding research or innovation that has the potential to advance medical science, particularly in areas related to diabetes, endocrinology, and biopharmaceutical science. The prize is adminis
8/25/2026
Science
The Oceans (textbook)
The Oceans: Their Physics, Chemistry and General Biology is an oceanographic textbook by Harald Sverdrup, Martin Johnson, and Richard Fleming. Originally written in 1942, it is commonly referred to as the first oceanographic textbook and fundamental in the history of the science. Chapters of the text outline and synthesize the sub-domains of oceanography: Biological, chemical, physical, and geolog
8/25/2026
Science
The Pool, Liverpool
The Pool was a naturally occurring tidal creek of water that originally formed part of the geography of Liverpool, England. It was originally known as the Lyver Pool.
8/25/2026
Science
The Note Processor (software)
The Note Processor is a scorewriter program written by Stephen Dydo and released in 1987 for the IBM PC. Intended to provide publishing-quality music engraving, it was unique among commercial scorewriters in that it accepted as input files encoded in DARMS notation. It also took input from MIDI files, and files could be created and edited within the program using the keyboard and mouse.
8/25/2026
Science
Theorem
In mathematics and formal logic, a theorem is a statement that has been proven, or can be proven. The proof of a theorem is a logical argument that uses the inference rules of a deductive system to establish that the theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms and previously proved theorems. In mainstream mathematics, the axioms and the inference rules are commonly left implicit, and, in this c
8/25/2026
Science
Theoretical chemistry
Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry which develops theoretical generalizations that are part of the theoretical arsenal of modern chemistry: for example, the concepts of chemical bonding, chemical reaction, valence, the surface of potential energy, molecular orbitals, orbital interactions, and molecule activation.
8/25/2026
Science
Christ's Hospital
Christ's Hospital is a public school (English fee-charging boarding school for pupils aged 11–18) with a royal charter, located to the south of Horsham in West Sussex. The school was founded in 1552 and the royal charter granted in 1553 (26 June, 7 Edw. VI). Since its establishment, Christ's Hospital has been a charity school, with a core aim to offer children from disadvantaged backgrounds the ch
8/25/2026
Science
Theistic evolution
Theistic evolution (also known as theistic evolutionism or God-guided evolution, or alternatively called evolutionary creationism) is a view that God acts and creates through laws of nature. Here, God is taken as the primary cause while natural causes are secondary, positing that the concept of God and religious beliefs are compatible with the findings of modern science, including evolution. Theis
8/25/2026
Science
Theodore William Richards
Theodore William Richards (January 31, 1868 – April 2, 1928) was an American physical chemist and the first American scientist to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, earning the award "in recognition of his exact determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of the chemical elements."
8/25/2026
Science
The Swallow's Tail
The Swallow's Tail — Series of Catastrophes (French: La queue d'aronde — Série des catastrophes) was Salvador Dalí's last painting. It was completed in May 1983, as the final part of a series based on the mathematical catastrophe theory of René Thom.
8/25/2026
Science
Theil index
The Theil index is a statistic primarily used to measure economic inequality and other economic phenomena, though it has also been used to measure racial segregation. The Theil index TT is the same as redundancy in information theory which is the maximum possible entropy of the data minus the observed entropy. It is a special case of the generalized entropy index. It can be viewed as a measure of
8/25/2026
Science
Thermal copper pillar bump
A thermal copper pillar bump, also known as a "thermal bump", is a thermoelectric device made from thin-film thermoelectric material embedded in flip chip interconnects (in particular copper pillar solder bumps) for use in electronics and optoelectronic packaging, including: flip chip packaging of CPU and GPU integrated circuits (chips), laser diodes, and semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA). Un
8/25/2026
Science
Theoretical Advanced Study Institute
The Theoretical Advanced Study Institute or TASI is a four-week summer school in high-energy physics or astrophysics held yearly at the University of Colorado Boulder. The school is meant primarily for advanced graduate students and consists of a series of pedagogical lectures on selected topics given by active researchers in the field. TASI is the most common summer school attended by high-ener
8/25/2026
Science
The Story of 1
The Story of 1 is a BBC documentary about the history of numbers, and in particular, the number 1. It was presented by former Monty Python member Terry Jones. It was released in 2005.
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