In mathematics, specifically bifurcation theory, the Feigenbaum constants δ and α are two mathematical constants which both express ratios in a bifurcation diagram for a non-linear map. They are named after the physicist Mitchell J. Feigenbaum.
History Feigenbaum originally related the first constant to the period-doubling bifurcations in the logistic map, but also showed it to hold for all one-dimensional maps with a single quadratic maximum. As a consequence of this generality, every chaotic system that corresponds to this description will bifurcate at the same rate. Feigenbaum made this discovery in 1975, and he officially published it in 1978.
The first constant The first Feigenbaum constant or simply Feigenbaum constant δ is the limiting ratio of each bifurcation interval to the next between every period doubling, of a one-parameter map
x i + 1 = f ( x i ) , {\displaystyle x_{i+1}=f(x_{i}),}
where f (x) is a function parameterized by the bifurcation parameter a. It is given by the limit:
δ = lim n → ∞ a n − 1 − a n − 2 a n − a n − 1 {\displaystyle \delta =\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}}{a_{n}-a_{n-1}}}}
where an are discrete values of a at the nth period doubling. This gives its numerical value (sequence A006890 in the OEIS):
δ = 4.669 201 609 102 990 671 853 203 820 466 … {\displaystyle \delta =4.669\,201\,609\,102\,990\,671\,853\,203\,820\,466\ldots }
A simple rational approximation is 621/133, which is correct to 5 significant values (when rounding). For more precision use 1228/263, which is correct to 7 significant values. It is approximately equal to 10/π − 1, with an error of 0.0047 %.
Illustration
Non-linear maps To see how this number arises, consider the real one-parameter map
f ( x ) = a − x 2 . {\displaystyle f(x)=a-x^{2}.}
Here a is the bifurcation parameter, x is the variable. The values of a for which the period doubles (e.g. the largest value for a with no period-2 orbit, or the largest a with no period-4 orbit), are a1, a2 etc. These are tabulated below:
The ratio in the last column converges to the first Feigenbaum constant. The same number arises for the logistic map
f ( x ) = a x ( 1 − x ) {\displaystyle f(x)=ax(1-x)}
with real parameter a and variable x. Tabulating the bifurcation values again:
Fractals
In the case of the Mandelbrot set for complex quadratic polynomial
f ( z ) = z 2 + c {\displaystyle f(z)=z^{2}+c}
the Feigenbaum constant is the limiting ratio between the diameters of successive circles on the real axis in the complex plane (see animation above).
Bifurcation parameter is a root point of period-2n component. This series converges to the Feigenbaum point c = −1.401155...... The ratio in the last column converges to the first Feigenbaum constant.
Other maps also reproduce this ratio; in this sense the Feigenbaum constant in bifurcation theory is analogous to π in geometry and e in calculus.
The second constant The second Feigenbaum constant or Feigenbaum reduction parameter α is given by (sequence A006891 in the OEIS):
α = 2.502 907 875 095 892 822 283 902 873 218 … {\displaystyle \alpha =2.502\,907\,875\,095\,892\,822\,283\,902\,873\,218\ldots }
It is the ratio between the width of a tine and the width of one of its two subtines (except the tine closest to the fold). A negative sign is applied to α when the ratio between the lower subtine and the width of the tine is measured. These numbers apply to a large class of dynamical systems (for example, dripping faucets to population growth). A simple rational approximation is 5/2, which is correct to 2 significant values. For more precision, 13/11 × 17/11 × 37/27 = 8177/3267 is used, which is correct to 8 significant values.
Properties Both numbers are believed to be transcendental, although they have not been proven to be so. In fact, there is no known proof that either constant is even irrational. The first proof of the universality of the Feigenbaum constants was carried out by Oscar Lanford—with computer-assistance—in 1982 (with a small correction by Jean-Pierre Eckmann and Peter Wittwer of the University of Geneva in 1987). Over the years, non-numerical methods were discovered for different parts of the proof, aiding Mikhail Lyubich in producing the first complete non-numerical proof.
Other values The period-3 window in the logistic map also has a period-tripling route to chaos (moving at each step to the period-3 subwindow), reaching chaos at r = 3.854077963591 … {\displaystyle r=3.854077963591\dots } , and it has its own two Feigenbaum constants: δ = 55.26 , α = 9.277 {\displaystyle \delta =55.26,\alpha =9.277} . Similar results hold for the other isolated period-n windows in the chaotic region, yielding α {\displaystyle \alpha } and δ {\displaystyle \delta } for each window. There is a universal relation between the two constants due to Eckmann, Epstein, and Wittwer, that 3 δ ≈ α 2 {\textstyle 3\delta \approx \alpha ^{2}} .
See also
Notes
References Alligood, Kathleen T.; Sauer, Tim D.; Yorke, James A. (1996). Chaos: An Introduction to Dynamical Systems. Textbooks in Mathematical Sciences. Springer. ISBN 978-0-38794-677-1. Briggs, Keith (July 1991). "A Precise Calculation of the Feigenbaum Constants" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 57 (195): 435–439. Bibcode:1991MaCom..57..435B. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1991-1079009-6. Briggs, Keith (1997). Feigenbaum scaling in discrete dynamical systems (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Melbourne. Broadhurst, David (22 March 1999). "Feigenbaum constants to 1018 decimal places". Weisstein, Eric W. "Feigenbaum Constant". MathWorld.
External links Feigenbaum Constant – from Wolfram MathWorld OEIS sequence A006890 (Decimal expansion of Feigenbaum bifurcation velocity) OEIS sequence A006891 (Decimal expansion of Feigenbaum reduction parameter) OEIS sequence A195102 (Decimal expansion of the parameter for the biquadratic solution of the Feigenbaum-Cvitanovic equation) Feigenbaum constant – PlanetMath Hofstätter, Harald (25 October 2015). "Calculation of the Feigenbaum Constants". www.harald-hofstaetter.at (Julia notebook for calculating Feigenbaum constant). Retrieved 7 April 2024. Moriarty, Philip; Bowley, Roger (2009). "δ – Feigenbaum Constant". Sixty Symbols. Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham. Thurlby, Judi (2021). Rigorous calculations of renormalisation fixed points and attractors (PhD). U. Portsmouth. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022. Pdf.