engineering

Futa Pass Cemetery

Futa Pass Cemetery is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Futa Pass Cemetery rather than just read about it. In short: The German Futa Pass Cemetery (Deutsche Soldatenfriedhof Futapass; Cimitero militare germanico della Futa) is a war cemetery in Italy. According to the German War Graves Commission it holds remains of 30,800 German soldiers who died in the Second World War.

Key takeaways

Futa Pass Cemetery belongs to engineering; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Futa Pass Cemetery to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Futa Pass Cemetery from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The German Futa Pass Cemetery (Deutsche Soldatenfriedhof Futapass; Cimitero militare germanico della Futa) is a war cemetery in Italy. According to the German War Graves Commission it holds remains of 30,800 German soldiers who died in the Second World War. It is located at the summit of the Futa Pass (Passo della Futa, 903 m) in the Apennines and in Mugello, near Traversa in the commune of Firenzuola, that is, about 40 kilometers north of Florence and 40 kilometers south of Bologna along National Highway Nr. 65 near the border of Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna.

History

The pass was part of the Gothic Line, meant to stop the Allied advance. It was the site of bitter combat between 9 and 21 April 1945, but most of the interred fell in late August 1944 between Carrara on the Ligurian Sea and the area surrounding Rimini. In the wake of the 22 December 1955 Accord on War Graves between the BRD & Italy signed in Bonn and ratified by the Italian legislature 12 August 1957 as Law 801, in 1959 the German War Graves Commission entrusted oversight of the project to the architect Dieter Oesterlen. In the planning and execution he was assisted by the landscape architects Walter Rossow and Ernst Cramer and the sculptor Helmut Lander. The metalwork was by Fritz Kühn. The reburied soldiers were collected from neighboring battlefields and churchyards in the provinces of Bologna, Metropolitan Florence, Forlì-Cesena, Lucca, Modena, Pesaro and Urbino, Pisa, Pistoia, Ravenna and Reggio Emilia; and a number of remains were also identified. With 30,683 graves it is the largest German cemetery in Italy.

Cemetery and Monument The cemetery covers 12 hectares with 16,000 granite headstones on 72 natural lawns, enclosed by a spiral 2000 meter long wall with 67 quarried crosses. Each pair of graves is marked with a 70×140 cm stone. The cemetery is capped by the pyramid-like peak at the end of the spiral wall. This last section of the wall encloses a "Court of Honor", beneath which is the crypt with 397 graves. A smaller crypt, named the "Cervia Room", contains gravestones from the former war cemetery at Cervia. The cemetery was dedicated on 28 June 1969.

Gallery

Bibliography Birgit Urmson: German and United States Second World War Military Cemeteries in Italy: Cultural Perspectives (Transatlantic Aesthetics and Culture Vol. 8) (Bern 2018, ISBN 978-3-0343-3516-4 pb.) Francesco Collotti: Il paesaggio dei caduti. Dieter Oesterlen, Cimitero militare germanico. (Online version at academia.edu)

References

External links

Abstract of Urmson monograph at RIHA Journal Cimitero militare germanico at architetturatoscana.it (in Italian) Volksbund: Deutscher Soldatenfriedhof Futapass (in German)

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Futa Pass Cemetery

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Futa Pass Cemetery claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Futa Pass Cemetery before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Futa Pass Cemetery ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Futa Pass Cemetery

In research: Futa Pass Cemetery appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Futa Pass Cemetery in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Futa Pass Cemetery is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Buildings and structures completed in 1969, Buildings and structures in Tuscany, German War Graves Commission, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Futa Pass Cemetery outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Futa Pass Cemetery in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Futa Pass Cemetery means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Futa Pass Cemetery out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Futa Pass Cemetery in simple terms?

Why does Futa Pass Cemetery matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Futa Pass Cemetery?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Futa Pass Cemetery.