G.729

Key takeaways

G.729 belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect G.729 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of G.729 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

G.729 is a royalty-free narrow-band vocoder-based audio data compression algorithm using a frame length of 6.3 ms. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using code-excited linear prediction speech coding (CS-ACELP), and was introduced in 1996. The wide-band extension of G.729 is called G.729.1, which equals G.729 Annex J. Because of its low bandwidth requirements, G.729 is mostly used in voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) applications when bandwidth must be conserved. Standard G.729 operates at a bit rate of 8 kbit/s, but extensions provide rates of 6.4 kbit/s (Annex D, F, H, I, C+) and 11.8 kbit/s (Annex E, G, H, I, C+) for worse and better speech quality, respectively. G.729 has been extended with various features, commonly designated as G.729a and G.729b:

G.729: This is the original codec using a high-complexity algorithm. G.729A or Annex A: This version has a medium complexity, and is compatible with G.729. It provides a slightly lower voice quality. G.729B or Annex B: This version extends G.729 with silence suppression, and is not compatible with the previous versions. G.729AB: This version extends G.729A with silence suppression, and is only compatible with G.729B. G.729.1 or Annex J: This version extends G.729A and B with scalable variable encoding using hierarchical enhancement layers. It provides support for wideband speech and audio, using modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding. Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), fax transmissions, and high-quality audio cannot be transported reliably with this codec. DTMF requires the use of the named telephony events in the RTP payload for DTMF digits, telephony tones, and telephony signals as specified in RFC 4733.

G.729 annexes

G.729 Annex A G.729a is a compatible extension of G.729, but requires less computational power. This lower complexity, however, bears the cost of marginally reduced speech quality. G.729a was developed by a consortium of organizations: France Télécom, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT). The features of G.729a are:

Sampling frequency 8 kHz/16-bit (80 samples for 10 ms frames) Fixed bit rate (8 kbit/s 10 ms frames) Fixed frame size (10 bytes (80 bits) for 10 ms frame) Algorithmic delay is 15 ms per frame, with 5 ms look-ahead delay G.729a is a hybrid speech coder which uses Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP) The complexity of the algorithm is rated at 15, using a relative scale where G.711 is 1 and G.723.1 is 25. PSQM testing under ideal conditions yields mean opinion scores of 4.04 for G.729a, compared to 4.45 for G.711 (μ-law) PSQM testing under network stress yields mean opinion scores of 3.51 for G.729a, compared to 4.13 for G.711 (μ-law) Some VoIP phones incorrectly use the description "G729a/8000" in SDP (e.g. this affects some Cisco and Linksys phones). This is incorrect as G729a is an alternative method of encoding the audio, but still generates data decodable by either G729 or G729a - i.e. there is no difference in terms of codec negotiation. Since the SDP RFC allows static payload types to be overridden by the textual rtpmap description this can cause problems calling from these phones to endpoints adhering to the RFC unless the codec is renamed in their settings since they will not recognise 'G729a' as 'G729' without a specific workaround in place for the bug.

G.729 Annex B G.729 has been extended in Annex B (G.729b) which provides a silence compression method that enables a voice activity detection (VAD) module. It is used to detect voice activity in the signal. It also includes a discontinuous transmission (DTX) module which decides on updating the background noise parameters for non speech (noisy frames). It uses 2-byte Silence Insertion Descriptor (SID) frames transmitted to initiate comfort noise generation (CNG). If transmission is stopped, and the link goes quiet because of no speech, the receiving side might assume that the link has been cut. By inserting comfort noise, analog hiss is simulated digitally during silence to assure the receiver that the link is active and operational.

G.729 Annex J (G.729.1)

G.729 Annex J, maintained by G.729.1, provides support for wideband speech and audio. Introduced in 2006, it defines variable bit-rate wideband enhancement using up to 12 hierarchical layers. The core layer is an 8 kbit/s G.729 bitstream, the second layer is a 4 kbit/s narrowband enhancement layer, and the third 2 kbit/s layer is a bandwidth enhancement layer. Further layers provide wideband enhancement in 2 kbit/s steps. The G.729.1 uses three-stage coding: embedded code-excited linear prediction (CELP) coding of the lower band, parametric coding of the higher band by Time-Domain Bandwidth Extension (TDBWE), and enhancement of the full band by a predictive transform coding algorithm called time-domain aliasing cancellation (TDAC), also known as modified discrete cosine transform (MDCT) coding. Bit rate and the obtained quality are adjustable by simple bitstream truncation.

Licensing As of January 1, 2017, the patent terms of most licensed patents under the G.729 Consortium have expired, the remaining unexpired patents are usable on a royalty-free basis. G.729 includes patents from several companies which were until the expiry licensed by Sipro Lab Telecom, the authorized Intellectual Property Licensing Administrator for G.729 technology and patent pool.

Past patent litigation AIM IP LLC, a California Limited Liability Company based in Mission Viejo, CA filed 17 patent infringement lawsuits in the Central District Courts of California accusing 22 different companies, including, Cisco Systems, Polycom and others of infringing U.S. Patent No. 5,920,853. The '853 patent was filed at the United States Patent and Trademark Office in 1996 by Rockwell International. The inventors listed on the '853 patent are Benyassine Adil, Su Huan-Yu and Shlomot Eyal. In 2000, the '853 patent was assigned by Rockwell International to Conexant Systems, an American-based software developer and fabless semiconductor company, which began as a division of Rockwell before being spun-off as its own public company. In 2010, the '853 patent was sold by Conexant Systems to AIM IP LLC, a California Limited Liability Company based in Mission Viejo. The '853 patent contains patent claims which cover lookup tables used in G.729. The patent has since expired and is no longer in force due to its patent term expiring.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with G.729

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what G.729 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to G.729 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about G.729 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of G.729

In research: G.729 appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses G.729 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: G.729 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Audio codecs, ITU-T G Series Recommendations, ITU-T recommendations, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for G.729 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study G.729 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what G.729 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain G.729 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is G.729 in simple terms?

G.729 is a royalty-free narrow-band vocoder-based audio data compression algorithm using a frame length of 6.3 ms. It is officially described as Coding of speech at 8 kbit/s using code-excited linear prediction speech coding (CS-ACELP), and was introduced in 1996.

Why does G.729 matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study G.729?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on G.729.