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GPR119

GPR119 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand GPR119 rather than just read about it. In short: G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR119 gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.

GPR119 — main illustration
GPR119 — illustration

Key takeaways

  • GPR119 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect GPR119 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of GPR119 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR119 gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.

Pharmacology GPR119 is expressed predominantly in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract in rodents and humans, as well as in the brain in rodents. Activation of the receptor has been shown to cause a reduction in food intake and body weight gain in rats. GPR119 has also been shown to regulate incretin and insulin hormone secretion. As a result, new drugs acting on the receptor have been suggested as novel treatments for obesity and diabetes.

Ligands A number of endogenous, synthetic and plant derived ligands for this receptor have been identified:

2-Oleoylglycerol (2OG) Anandamide AR-231,453 MBX-2982 Oleoylethanolamide (OEA) (Endogenous Ligand) PSN-375,963 PSN-632,408

Human microbiota and GPR119 activation Commensal bacteria are found to have important roles in human health, as bacterial metabolites are likely to be key components of host interactions by which they affect mammalian physiology. N-acyl amide synthase genes are found enriched in gastrointestinal bacteria and the lipids, that they encode, interact with GPCRs, which regulate gastrointestinal tract physiology, where cell-based models have demonstrated, that commensal GPR119 agonists regulate metabolic hormones and glucose homeostasis as efficiently as human ligands, and the clearest overlap in structure and function between bacterial and human GPCR-active ligands, is found for the endocannabinoid receptor GPR119. The experiment have isolated both the palmitoyl and oleoyl analogs of N-acyl serinol, and found the latter only differs from 2-OG: C21H40O4 by the presence of an amide instead of an ester, and from OEA: C20H39NO2 by the presence of an additional ethanol substituent, where the N-oleoyl serinol (C21H41NO3; 18:1,n-9), is a similarly potent GPR119 agonist compared to the endogenous ligand OEA (EC50 12 μM vs. 7 μM), but elicits almost a 2-fold greater maximum activation, do suggest that chemical mimicry of eukaryotic signalling molecules may be common among commensal bacteria, that communicate through interactions between these two fundamental systems—which form the gut microbiota-endocannabinoidome axis.

Evolution

Paralogues Source:

GPR6 MC5R MC3R MC4R CNR1 GPR12 S1PR1 MC1R S1PR3 S1PR5 GPR3 S1PR2 CNR2 LPAR3 LPAR1 LPAR2 MC2R S1PR4

References

Further reading

Illustrations

GPR119 illustration
GPR119 illustration
GPR119 illustration
GPR119 illustration
GPR119 illustration

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with GPR119

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what GPR119 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to GPR119 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about GPR119 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of GPR119

In research
GPR119 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses GPR119 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
GPR119 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics G protein-coupled receptors, Genes on human chromosome X, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for GPR119 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study GPR119 in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what GPR119 means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain GPR119 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is GPR119 in simple terms?

G protein-coupled receptor 119 also known as GPR119 is a G protein-coupled receptor that in humans is encoded by the GPR119 gene. GPR119, along with GPR55 and GPR18, have been implicated as novel cannabinoid receptors.

Why does GPR119 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study GPR119?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on GPR119.

Tags

  • G protein-coupled receptors
  • Genes on human chromosome X

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