earth science

Georg Hartung

Georg Hartung is a earth science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Georg Hartung rather than just read about it. In short: Georg Friedrich Karl Hartung (13 July 1821 – 28 March 1891) was a pioneering German traveller and geologist. He is best known for several books and articles about the islands of Macaronesia, especially the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Key takeaways

Georg Hartung belongs to earth science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Georg Hartung to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Georg Hartung from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Georg Friedrich Karl Hartung (13 July 1821 – 28 March 1891) was a pioneering German traveller and geologist. He is best known for several books and articles about the islands of Macaronesia, especially the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands.

Life and work Hartung was born in Königsberg where his father, Georg Friedrich Hartung (1782–1849), owned a press and published the Hartungsche Zeitung. His mother was Anna Maria Sophie Greis (1797–1870). The family was prosperous and his father served as a municipal councillor for Königsberg. He went to the Classical Grammar school in Insterburg and at the age of 16 he first worked with his father, contributing his sketches for publications. studied agronomy at the University of Greifswald (1841-43) and after missing the academic year for the University of Heidelberg, he studied geology privately from 1855 under Gustav von Leonhard (1816–1878). His father gave the house to Georg and the printing firm was sold off in 1871 and the family assets funded Hartung's life. He travelled widely into the tropics partly for health reasons. In Madeira he lived in Funchal where he shared a house with the paleobotanist Oswald Heer (who had been advised the warm climate by Leopold von Buch) and joined him on outings. He also met Charles Lyell in 1853-54 and accompanied him. He became interested in the theories of von Buch on mountain uplift and Lyell's ideas on them. Hartung later travelled to Lanzarote and Fuertaventura on his own. He sketched the scenery and made notes on his geological observations. He wrote to others interested in geology and Alexander von Humboldt encouraged him to study the Azores. In 1857 he visited the Azores and wrote on the geology of Terceira Island. In 1858 he began to examine volcanic regions in Europe. He published his notes on Lanzarote, Fuertaventura, Madeira and Porto Santo Island. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Königsberg in 1862 for his work on the geology of the Atlantic islands. In 1870 he travelled to the United States where he met Louis Agassiz. In 1873 he visited Scandinavia and began to study glaciation. The work of Hartung on the Azores contains illustrations of scientific interest. Hartung also met and corresponded with Charles Darwin. From 1855 Hartung had a home in Heidelberg. Selected works

Hartung. Mitbeschreibung der fossilen reste, von Prof. H. G. Bronn ..., Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 1860. Fritsch, Karl Wilhelm Georg von Hartung, Georg Reiss, Johann Wilhelm. Tenerife geologisch-topographisch dargestellt, ein Beitrag zur Kenntniss vulkanischer Gebirge von K. v. Fritsch, G. Hartung und W. Reiss, J. Wurster, 16 pp., 1867. Die Azoren in ihrer äusseren erscheinung und nach ihrer geognostischen natur. 1860. Hartung, Georg. Die geologischen Verhältnisse der Inseln Lanzarote und Fuertaventura, Zürich, 166 pp., 1857. Hartung, Georg. Betrachtungen über Erhebungskrater, ältere und neuere Eruptivmassen, nebst einer Schilderung der geologischen Verhältnisse der Insel Gran Canaria. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig, 108 pp., 1862. Hartung, Georg. Originalzeichnungen und Probedrucke zu Illustrationen der geologischen Beschreibungen der Azoren und Kanarischen Inseln. 1850 [ca.]

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Georg Hartung

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Georg Hartung claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In earth science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Georg Hartung before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Georg Hartung ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Georg Hartung

In research: Georg Hartung appears in earth science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Georg Hartung in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Georg Hartung is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1821 births, 1891 deaths, 19th-century German geologists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Georg Hartung outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Georg Hartung in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Georg Hartung means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Georg Hartung out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Georg Hartung in simple terms?

Why does Georg Hartung matter?

Because it connects several earth science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Georg Hartung?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Georg Hartung.