Geronimo (6 February 2013 – 31 August 2021) was a stud alpaca that resided at Shepherds Close Farm in Wickwar, South Gloucestershire, England. After Geronimo tested positive for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a highly publicised controversy erupted surrounding his fate and the British government's policy of euthanising any animal that tested positive for bTB. After a number of court battles, Geronimo was euthanised.
Background Born on 6 February 2013, Geronimo was a male Huacaya alpaca raised at Nevalea Alpacas, New Zealand's largest alpaca farm located near Taumarunui, Manawatū-Whanganui. His parents were Canchones Ferragamo ET and Chelamar Gypsy Lass. In mid-2017, Geronimo was sold to Helen Macdonald who imported him to the United Kingdom in August 2017. Prior to departing New Zealand, Geronimo underwent four skin tests for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) which returned negative results. He was kept in quarantine at Shepherds Close Farm in Wickwar, South Gloucestershire, from when he arrived in the UK. He later tested positive in two tests – two blood tests (enferplex) – administered in the UK. However, Iain McGill, a vet and TB researcher, said Geronimo was twice "primed" – or micro-vaccinated – before being tested for TB, which caused him to have high levels of antibodies, which in turn caused false-positive results. Moreover, Iain McGill asserts that the case could highlight large numbers of false-positive tests in cattle, and accused the government of "trying to kill its way out of trouble". As a result of the positive tests, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) ordered the destruction of the animal to prevent spread of the disease. Macdonald has disputed the accuracy of the UK-administered tests. Chief Veterinary Officer Christine Middlemiss described the chances of a false-positive as "significantly less than 1 percent". Full Fact described claims that bovine tuberculosis blood tests can give a false positive result if the animal has previously been tested with a skin test as "very unlikely".
Reactions The Environment Secretary, George Eustice, said in reference to Geronimo's case that "farmers understand that infected animals are a risk to the remainder of their herd, so while the loss of individual animals is always a tragedy, the farming communities have worked with our government vets in this arduous but necessary endeavour". The official spokesman for the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, said that "The Environment Secretary has looked at this case very carefully, multiple times over the last few years, and has interrogated all the evidence with expert vets alongside the Animal and Plant Health Agency. But, sadly, Geronimo has tested positive twice for TB using highly specific, reliable and validated tests". Sir Keir Starmer, the Leader of the Opposition, supported Geromino's euthanisation, saying he did not "think we can make an exception" with regards to Geronimo's case and that "there's no alternative, sadly. I do actually understand why emotions are so high as they would be with farmers as well who, on a not-irregular basis, have to lose animals that are very valuable to them". The Chair of NFU Cymru Milk Board, Abi Reader, said in a video posted on Twitter that the tests "aren't perfect... but they are all we have. There's nothing else out there and you cannot keep testing until you find the negative result you want". Reader has personally lost 10 percent of her herd. An open letter by a group of senior members of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) expressed "grave concerns" over the British Government's handling of Geronimo's case. Thirteen members of the RCVS, and one former member, have co-authored an open letter that casts doubt on Defra's approach to handling bTB. They concluded that Geronimo's diagnosis is unsafe, and urged Eustice and his team to enter into discussions.
Campaign A petition urging the Prime Minister, Boris Johnson, and Defra to halt Geronimo's killing was signed by more than 140,000 people as of 25 August 2021. The campaign received support from broadcaster and wildlife activist Chris Packham and the Prime Minister's father Stanley Johnson. A protest was organised outside of Downing Street in a bid to save Geronimo.
Legal history The first appeal hearing began in March 2019. On 9 July, the High Court dismissed an appeal to quash the judgment. In May 2021, a district judge ordered an "execution warrant"; Macdonald appealed on 29 July, but this was dismissed by the High Court. Mr Justice Griffiths said he had a "great degree of sympathy for her" but stressed the need to protect against the "serious consequences" of bTB, adding: "This is not a case in which the wishes and feelings of Miss Macdonald can be paramount." On 17 August 2021, it was reported that the High Court had agreed to consider an application for an injunction halting Geronimo's destruction and Macdonald's solicitor said, "Defra have agreed to extend their undertaking until 17:00 on Tuesday"; the injunction was being sought while a separate application by Macdonald to the High Court concerning material non-disclosure by the government during the earlier court cases awaits a hearing date. Mrs Justice Stacey ruled against the injunction on the grounds that there was "no prospect" of Macdonald succeeding in her attempt to reopen the earlier decision of the High Court. On 20 August, Macdonald said that legal costs concerning the animal's health had so far amounted to £43,000 and had left her without any farming income for over four years.
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