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Gertrude M. Clarke

Gertrude M. Clarke is a physics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Gertrude M. Clarke rather than just read about it. In short: Gertrude M. Clarke was a former educator who primarily taught high school physics and nucleonics and extensively engaged in nuclear physics research.

Gertrude M. Clarke — main illustration
Gertrude M. Clarke — illustration

Key takeaways

  • Gertrude M. Clarke belongs to physics; place it in that map before memorising details.
  • Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
  • Connect Gertrude M. Clarke to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
  • Reproduce the core statement of Gertrude M. Clarke from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Gertrude M. Clarke was a former educator who primarily taught high school physics and nucleonics and extensively engaged in nuclear physics research. She founded the New Jersey Business/Industry/Science Education Consortium (NJ BISEC) and served as its executive director from 1981 until 1999. She was also on the Board of Trustees of the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame for sixteen years, and President Emeritus from 2012.

Education Raised in Franklin, New Jersey, Gertrude M. Clarke graduated from Franklin High School and received her baccalaureate degree from Douglass College in 1954. Her pre-doctoral studies included radiological courses at Rutgers University, electronics at the RCA Institute, chemistry, and physics at Seton Hall University and atomic, nuclear and solid-state physics at the Yale University Graduate School. In 1987 she received her Ph.D. from Rutgers University. Her thesis was titled A Reassessment of Gastrointestinal Dose from a Continental United States Nuclear Weapons Test.

Career and Research Clarke taught physics, science survey, practical chemistry and environmental science classes at Chatham High School in New Jersey. She designed a college-level course for accelerated seniors unique to the state called Nucleonics. Clarke was a medical associate at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and assisted in conducting research. She conducted independent research on the "Generation of Electromagnetic Radiation by the Interaction of Charged Particle Beams Transiting Periodic Structures" primarily using the Rutgers University (New Brunswick, NJ) accelerator. In 1978 she was given the opportunity to continue that research using the cyclotron at Harvard University. She also conducted experiments at the Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, NJ) laser laboratory. In 1985 she was selected by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (California) for a Residence in Science & Technology Program. Starting in 1975 in Washington, D.C. she gave more than forty invitational speeches at conferences throughout the country about the need for development of industry-education partnerships. In 1995 Clarke was a panelist with the U.S. Secretary of Education, R. Riley, in a satellite TV program titled Perspectives on Math and Science. Her last speech on the subject of strategies for effecting educational change at the request of the National Alliance of Business (Washington, D.C., May 1999) was titled "Employers & Educators Working Together". In 1980 Clarke was invited to write an article titled "Teaching physics at Chatham High School" by the editor of The Physics Teacher magazine Clarke has presented invitational lectures at Yale, Wesleyan, Princeton Universities and other collegiate institutions on "The Use of High Energy Particle Beams as a Modality for the Treatment of Localized Cancer". In 1981 Clarke established The New Jersey Business/Industry/Science Education Consortium (NJ BISEC), an organization dedicated to improving the teaching/learning process so that kindergarten through grade 12 New Jersey students could experience the excitement and recognize the relevance of science, mathematics, computer science and technology. Automatic Data Processing, Atlantic Electric, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Exxon Chemical Company, Ciba Pharmaceuticals, Honeywell, Johnson & Johnson, Mobil Chemical Company, Unilever Research U.S., Merck, Public Service Electric & Gas Company, and Hoffman-LaRoche were among the many New Jersey companies enlisted so that NJ BISEC could provide competitive grants and conduct diverse training programs for teachers throughout New Jersey. In addition 13 University research laboratories, several hospitals, the State of New Jersey, and the National Science Foundation were enlisted to contribute financial and human resources. Clarke directed the NJ BISEC for 18 years, raising millions of dollars to provide training programs designed to improve the quality of teaching. More than 1.8 million dollars for direct-award grants and stipends were given to teachers for participating in those various programs. At the 1992 New Jersey Science Convention in Cranford, Clarke gave a talk titled "Classroom Connections with New Jersey's Science and Math Industries". In 1994 she gave a lecture titled "Medical Applications of High Energy Charged Particles" at the annual Physics Conference and Exploratorium for High School Teachers and Students (March 16, 1994) held at New Jersey Institute of Technology (Newark, NJ) In 1996 Clarke was invited to become a board of trustees member of the New Jersey Inventors Hall of Fame. In her capacity as president starting in 2006, she acquired a new headquarters and sponsor in Stevens Institute of Technology (Hoboken, NJ). She re-instituted the annual black-tie awards banquet and ceremony and led funding efforts to financially stabilize the organization. With board approval she instituted the prestigious "Trustees Award" which recognized annually one person who has made an outstanding contribution to the inventive and/or innovative process in New Jersey. On her retirement as president of the NJIHoF she was presented by the board of trustees with the first "Outstanding Contributions Award". Clarke served as NJIHoF president from May 2006 to December 2011.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Gertrude M. Clarke illustration

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Gertrude M. Clarke

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Gertrude M. Clarke claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In physics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Gertrude M. Clarke before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Gertrude M. Clarke ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Gertrude M. Clarke

In research
Gertrude M. Clarke appears in physics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry
Engineering practice reuses Gertrude M. Clarke in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom
Gertrude M. Clarke is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1932 births, 2020 deaths, 20th-century American physicists, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life
Look for Gertrude M. Clarke outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.
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How to study Gertrude M. Clarke in 20 minutes

  1. Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
  2. Close the page and write down what Gertrude M. Clarke means in your own words.
  3. Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
  4. Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
  5. Explain Gertrude M. Clarke out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Gertrude M. Clarke in simple terms?

Gertrude M. Clarke was a former educator who primarily taught high school physics and nucleonics and extensively engaged in nuclear physics research.

Why does Gertrude M. Clarke matter?

Because it connects several physics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Gertrude M. Clarke?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Gertrude M. Clarke.

Tags

  • 1932 births
  • 2020 deaths
  • 20th-century American physicists
  • 20th-century American women physicists
  • 21st-century American educators
  • 21st-century American physicists
  • 21st-century American women educators
  • 21st-century American women physicists
  • American nuclear physicists
  • American science teachers
  • American women nuclear physicists
  • Franklin High School (Sussex County, New Jersey) alumni

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