Ghulam Kadir (c. 1765 – 3 March 1789), fully Ghulam Abd al Qadir Ahmed Khan, was a leader of the Afghan Rohilla during the late 18th century in the time of the Mughal Empire. A son of Zabita Khan and grandson of Najib ad-Dawlah, he was a captive of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II during parts of his youth before succeeding his father as leader of the Rohilla in 1785. In 1787, Ghulam Kadir compelled Shah Alam II to appoint him as regent of the Mughal empire and as Mir Bakhshi, the head of the army. During the following year, he broke with the emperor and captured Delhi. He deposed the Shah and installed the prince Bidar Bakht as Mughal emperor, better known under his regnal name Jahan Shah. During the few weeks of the occupation of Delhi, many members of the Timurid imperial house were killed, the city was plundered and Shah Alam II was personally blinded by Ghulam Kadir. After the recapture of Delhi by Maratha forces under the leadership of Mahadaji Shinde in October 1788, Ghulam Kadir was captured two months later. After his capture, his mutilation was ordered by Shinde at the behest of Shah Alam II and Ghulam Kadir was finally executed near Mathura on 3 March 1789, still in his twenties.
Biography
Early life
Ghulam Kadir was born c. 1765 as the son of Zabita Khan. His father had assumed the leadership of a branch of the Afghan Rohilla after the death of his own father Najib-ud-Daula on 31 October 1770. As the eldest son of Najib-ud-Daula, Zabita Khan had succeeded him and was invested as Mir Bakhshi (Head of the Mughal Army) by Shah Alam II on 29 December 1770, but did not pay the customary fee of succession to his father's estate and offices.
Imprisonment in the Qudsia Bagh After conflicts had arisen between the Rohillas under Zabita Khan, Ghulam Kadir's father, and the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, an imperial army under Mirza Najaf Khan was dispatched in 1777 against the Ghausgarh fort of the Rohillas. Ghausgarh was a mud fort built by Najib-ud-Daula, Ghulam Kadir's grandfather, about a mile of Jalalabad in today's Shamli district, Uttar Pradesh. After a decisive battle on 14 September 1777 Ghausgarh fort was captured and the Rohillas routed. Ghulam Kadir was captured on the battlefield, while his father managed to escape. The captured Ghulam Kadir was taken to Delhi. There he grew up in a "gilded cage" in the Qudsia Bagh. Shah Alam II called Ghulam Kadir his son (farzand), granted him the title of Raushan-ud-Daula and even wrote poems about him, some of which have been preserved. Modern scholarship also notes that contemporary sources imply possible sexual relations between the emperor and his captive, without indicating their consensuality. The reported castration of Ghulam Kadir during his captivity, is, however, disputed, foremost by the Scottish historian William Dalrymple, because it was not mentioned in contemporary accounts. As resentment against Ghulam Kadir grew in the palace, Shah Alam II sent him back to his father, Zabita Khan, who had regained the imperial favour once more and had again been established as Mir Bakhshi.
Leader of the Rohilla
After his father's death on 21 January 1785, Ghulam Kadir was able to assert himself as his successor and leader of the Rohilla, inheriting his father's estates under the title Najib-ud-daula Hoshyar Jang. He began his rule by seizing the lands of his relatives, including those of his uncle Afzal Khan, regaining the territories, which were formerly held by his grandfather Najib-ud-Daula, and strengthening his ancestral fort at Ghausgarh. His determination gained him the respect of the regional Sikh chiefs.
Campaign against Shah Alam II
Appointment as Mir Bakhshi and regent in September 1787 In 1787 Ghulam Kadir wished to follow in his father's and grandfather's footsteps and become Mir Bakhshi of the Mughal Empire. To accomplish this feat, he demanded an audience with the emperor. At the Mughal court, the nazir – the superintendent of the Shah's harem –, Manzur Ali Khan (also transliterated as "Munsoor Ali Khan"), supported Ghulam Kadir's cause against Maratha resistance. According to the historian Jadunath Sarkar, the nazir – who is said to have personally saved Ghulam Kadir's life in Ghausgarh in 1777 – intended to use him to curb Hindu influence over the Mughal emperor. As there were not enough men to defend Delhi, Ghulam Kadir entered the city on 26 August 1787 and was presented to the emperor by the nazir. On 5 September 1787 he entered the city again, this time at the head of 2,000 men. This action forced Shah Alam II to reluctantly establish him as Mir Bakhshi and regent of the Mughal empire and to grant him the title amir al-umara.
Struggle with Begum Samru in October 1787 To consolidate his position at Shah Alam II's court, Ghulam Kadir tried to secure the support of Begum Samru, the wife of Walter Reinhardt, and ruler of the principality of Sardhana, who had considerable influence at this time. Furthermore, she commanded four battalions of French-led sepoys stationed in the city and was thus in a position to disobey the Empire's new regent. Ghulam Kadir's efforts to secure her support were, however, fruitless, as Begum rejected a proposal for an alliance. After this rejection, he demanded her removal from the city and declared that he would otherwise begin hostilities. As this demand was not met, he started cannonading Salimgarh Fort and on 7 October 1787 the first cannonballs hit the imperial palace. Now the nazir intervened and was able to dissuade him from continuing his assault on the city. Ghulam Kadir and his Rohillas then turned away from Delhi to conquer the crownlands in the Doab. This expansion led Lord Cornwallis to write a letter dated 14 November 1787 to Ghulam Kadir asserting that the East India Company would not militarily engage him, as long as he observed peace with the Company and their ally, the Nawab of Awadh. This demand was accepted by Ghulam Kadir.
Occupation of Delhi in 1788
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