science

Glebionidinae

Glebionidinae is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Glebionidinae rather than just read about it. In short: Glebionidinae is a small subtribe of flowering plants in the tribe Anthemideae of the family Asteraceae. Its members include species used in the production of garden marguerites.

Key takeaways

Glebionidinae belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Glebionidinae to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Glebionidinae from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Glebionidinae is a small subtribe of flowering plants in the tribe Anthemideae of the family Asteraceae. Its members include species used in the production of garden marguerites.

Description Members of the subtribe are either subshrubs (Argyranthemum) or annual herbs (the remaining genera). The genus Heteranthemis has glandular hairs; the others either lack hairs or have non-glandular hairs. The flower heads (capitula) are solitary or arranged in loose corymbs. The ray florets are female, the long petal (ligule) usually being white or yellow. The disc florets are bisexual with a five-lobed corolla. The achenes of the ray florets are three-angled and have two or three wings; those of the disc florets are flattened and have one or two wings.

Taxonomy The subtribe was first proposed in 1993 by Bremer and Humphries, under the name "Chrysantheminae". The name was validly published at the time, but two annual species placed in the tribe, which were then known as Chrysanthemum coronarium and Chrysanthemum segetum, are now placed in Glebionis. (The genus Chrysanthemum is now used for perennial Asian species, such as the conserved type C. indicum.) Hence Chrysantheminae Bremer & Humphries became a later homonym of Chrysantheminae Less. and so illegitimate. In 2007, Oberprieler and Vogt provided a new name, Glebionidinae, based on the genus Glebionis, whose type species is Glebionis coronaria, formerly Chrysanthemum coronarium.

Genera The subtribe includes seven genera:

Argyranthemum Webb, 23 species Endopappus Sch.Bip., one species Glebionis Cass., two species Heteranthemis Schott, one species Ismelia Cass., one species Nivellea B.H.Wilcox, K.Bremer & Humphries, one species Otoglyphis Pomel (synonym Aaronsohnia Warb. & Eig), two species Intergeneric hybrids are known:

×Argyrimelia J.M.H.Shaw = Argyranthemum × Ismelia – artificial hybrids ×Glebianthemum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores = Argyranthemum × Glebionis – artificial and spontaneous hybrids ×Glebianthemum valinianum J.M.Watson & A.R.Flores = A. frutescens × G. coronaria – discovered in Chile where both parents were naturalized and grew together; also produced artificially Glebionis × Ismelia – artificial hybrids

Phylogeny A 2007 molecular phylogenetic study of the tribe Anthemideae found the subtribe Glebionidinae to be the most deeply nested. One species from each of the genera was included, producing the relationships within the subtribe shown below.

The apparently close relationship between Glebionis and Ismelia is reflected in the decision by some sources to sink I. carinata into Glebionis as G. carinata.

Distribution Genera belonging to the subtribe are native to Macaronesia, Europe, northern Africa and southwestern Asia.

Cultivation Argyranthemum species, particularly Argyranthemum frutescens, have been in cultivation since at least the early 1700s. Ismelia carinata, sometimes known as the annual chrysanthemum, is also cultivated. Particularly since the 1960s, intergeneric hybrids among the members of the subtribe have been used to introduce flowers of varied colours and forms into garden marguerites, used as bedding and container plants.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Glebionidinae

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Glebionidinae claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Glebionidinae before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Glebionidinae ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Glebionidinae

In research: Glebionidinae appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Glebionidinae in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Glebionidinae is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Anthemideae, Glebionidinae, Plant subtribes, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Glebionidinae outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Glebionidinae in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Glebionidinae means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Glebionidinae out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Glebionidinae in simple terms?

Glebionidinae is a small subtribe of flowering plants in the tribe Anthemideae of the family Asteraceae. Its members include species used in the production of garden marguerites.

Why does Glebionidinae matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Glebionidinae?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Glebionidinae.