biology

Globodera tabacum

Globodera tabacum is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Globodera tabacum rather than just read about it. In short: Globodera tabacum, commonly known as a tobacco cyst nematode, is a plant parasitic nematode that mainly infests the tobacco plant, but also plants in family Solanaceae. History and significance The tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum, is a serious and important soil borne parasite of the shade and broadleaf tobacco.

Key takeaways

Globodera tabacum belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Globodera tabacum to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Globodera tabacum from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Globodera tabacum, commonly known as a tobacco cyst nematode, is a plant parasitic nematode that mainly infests the tobacco plant, but also plants in family Solanaceae.

History and significance The tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum, is a serious and important soil borne parasite of the shade and broadleaf tobacco. The most important host plant for this nematode is tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L), but other hosts include tomato, eggplant and closely related solanaceous weeds. This species of nematodes was first discovered in Hazardville, Connecticut in the 1950s. Nematode infection of the tobacco root system causes dramatic stunting, yield loss and decreases leaf quality.

Distribution Globodera subspecies are distributed as follows (older data): Globodera tabacum tabacum – Connecticut and Massachusetts. Globodera tabacum solanacearum - Virginia and North Carolina. Globodera tabacum virginiae – Virginia, Mexico and Central America. As of 1998, Globodera tabacum tabacum has been reported in Canada as well.

Morphology Head has four head annules, lip region is well-developed, oral disk is present and the entire head region is heavily sclerotized. The stylet has three rounded knobs while tail is pointy and rounded at the very tip. There are a total of six lips, four large and two small.

Host – parasite relationship The tobacco cyst nematode is a sedentary semi-endoparasite of the roots. Its feeding site and feeding patterns are typical of the genus Globodera. Nurse cell is a multinucleate syncytium. Tobacco cyst nematode causes significant damage on tobacco root system mainly by intracellular migration. This damage is caused both by mechanical penetration as well as with the enzyme secretions. Syncytium is formed in pericycle and endodermal cells of the plant. Unlike root-knot nematodes, the tobacco cyst nematode does not form feeding tubes enveloped in an endoplasmatic reticulum. Due to lack of enzymes that cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia, there is no galling observed.

Life cycle/ Reproduction The life cycle is typical of plant parasitic nematodes. This means that Globodera tabacum nematode has four juvenile stages, molts four times and then finally reaches adult stage. The duration of its life cycle is speculated to be temperature dependent. Hatching is often initiated by root exudate.

Taxonomy Even though there are some disagreements among scientists on Globodera tabacum taxonomy, it is believed that this complex consists of three subspecies: subspecies solanacearum, subspecies tabacum and subspecies virginiae. Mugniéry et al. (1992) confirmed hybridization between all three entities but these groups vary greatly in their capacity to damage tobacco.

Management Management practices consist of crop rotation, planting resistant cultivars and general soil maintenance and hygiene. Chemical control is an option but it is not widely used in USA against Globodera tabacum spp. virginiae, but only against other two subspecies. The use of 1,3 Dichloropropene as soil fumigant is in process of being phased out in EU. Using trap crop has been suggested by some authors as a possible way of controlling this nematode.

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Globodera tabacum

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Globodera tabacum claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Globodera tabacum before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Globodera tabacum ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Globodera tabacum

In research: Globodera tabacum appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Globodera tabacum in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Globodera tabacum is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Agricultural pest nematodes, Nematodes described in 1954, Tobacco diseases, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Globodera tabacum outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Globodera tabacum in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Globodera tabacum means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Globodera tabacum out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Globodera tabacum in simple terms?

Globodera tabacum, commonly known as a tobacco cyst nematode, is a plant parasitic nematode that mainly infests the tobacco plant, but also plants in family Solanaceae. History and significance The tobacco cyst nematode, Globodera tabacum, is a serious and important soil borne parasite of the shade…

Why does Globodera tabacum matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Globodera tabacum?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Globodera tabacum.