science

Gorizont

Gorizont is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Gorizont rather than just read about it. In short: Gorizont (Russian: Горизонт, lit. 'horizon'), GRAU index 11F662, was a series of 35 Russian, previously Soviet, geosynchronous communications satellites launched between 1978 and 2000. The program was started in order to develop a satellite system to relay coverage of the 1980 Olympic Games from Moscow.

Key takeaways

Gorizont belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Gorizont to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Gorizont from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Gorizont (Russian: Горизонт, lit. 'horizon'), GRAU index 11F662, was a series of 35 Russian, previously Soviet, geosynchronous communications satellites launched between 1978 and 2000. The program was started in order to develop a satellite system to relay coverage of the 1980 Olympic Games from Moscow. The first four satellites were originally launched for this sole purpose. Following this, the Gorizont system was integrated into the YeSSS Unified Satellite Communication System, and was used to relay both civilian and military communications. From 1988 onwards, the satellites were also used in support of the Okean program. Gorizont satellites were based on the KAUR-3 satellite bus, which provided three-axis stabilisation, and liquid maneuvering engines. The Gorizont satellite constellation was replaced by the Ekspress constellation. The first satellite Gorizont-11L was launched on 19 December 1978 and the last satellite launched was Gorizont No.45L on 6 June 2000.

Broadcast Following the 1980 Olympics, some of the surplus C-Band capacity on the satellites was used to distribute Television in the Soviet Union both to relay transmitters within the USSR (where the vast physical size of the country made conventional distribution to remote areas difficult) and to other Eastern Bloc and allied countries for relay to Soviet troops stationed there. Later programming from other Warsaw Pact countries and Cuba were added. Signals from these satellites spread well outside their intended area and were for a time very popular with early domestic satellite television enthusiasts in Western Europe as these were among the first such signals to be receivable there. In this application, Gorizont was (except at high latitudes) the successor to the Orbita system which used non-geostationary Molniya satellites. Gorizont represented an improvement in channel capacity and could be picked up on less elaborate receiving systems.

References

External links Gorizont comsat

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Gorizont

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Gorizont claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Gorizont before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Gorizont ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Gorizont

In research: Gorizont appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Gorizont in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Gorizont is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1978 establishments in the Soviet Union, Communications satellite constellations, Communications satellite stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Gorizont outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Gorizont in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Gorizont means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Gorizont out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Gorizont in simple terms?

Why does Gorizont matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Gorizont?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Gorizont.