A granulocyte transfusion is a medical procedure in which granulocytes are infused into a person's blood. Granulocytes are a category of white blood cell that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. Granulocyte transfusions were historically used to prevent and treat infections in people with neutropenia (an abnormally low level of neutrophils), but the practice declined in popularity in the 1980s. Interest in the procedure increased in the 1990s due to the development of more effective methods for harvesting granulocytes and a growing population of people with severe neutropenia from chemotherapy. However, the treatment's efficacy remains poorly understood and its use is controversial. Granulocytes are most often collected through leukapheresis, a process that separates the donor's white blood cells from their red blood cells and plasma. Donors may be given corticosteroids or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase their granulocyte count prior to the blood collection. Granulocytes have a short shelf life and it is recommended that they are transfused within hours of collection. Adverse effects from granulocyte transfusions include fever, chills, respiratory symptoms, transfusion-transmitted infections, and the development of antibodies against human leukocyte antigens, which can interfere with subsequent transfusions.
Medical uses
Neutrophils are the most common type of granulocyte in normal blood, and they play a major role in defending against infections, especially those caused by fungi and bacteria. People with severe neutropenia, a low neutrophil count, have an increased risk of developing serious infections. One of the approaches to preventing and treating infections in people with neutropenia is to increase the neutrophil count, which is commonly done using drugs like G-CSF to stimulate the production of neutrophils in the bone marrow. However, another approach is to directly transfuse granulocytes from a donor into the person's blood. As of 2015, there is some evidence that granulocyte transfusions may help to prevent bacteremia and fungemia in adults who have neutropenia caused by chemotherapy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, it is unclear whether this has any impact on mortality or major adverse events, and the use of granulocyte transfusions to prevent infections is considered controversial because of the potential for serious side effects. Although the studies performed to date have been low-quality, a 2016 review suggested that granulocyte transfusion may not be effective for treating infections in adults with neutropenia. In both cases, the treatment is considered investigational. Granulocyte transfusion is still used in some cases, such as in cases of severe neutropenia and where the patient has a life-threatening infection that does not respond to antimicrobial treatment. The treatment has also been studied in people with aplastic anemia (a condition in which a person's bone marrow does not produce enough blood cells) and chronic granulomatous disease (a disorder in which a person has a normal number of neutrophils, but they do not function correctly). Newborn babies who have neutropenia and sepsis are sometimes given granulocyte transfusions, although a 2011 study found that there was insufficient evidence to determine whether or not this practice is effective.
Donation Prior to donating granulocytes, potential donors must undergo screening and testing procedures. They are required to meet the general criteria for blood donation. Because the granulocyte concentrate also contains red blood cells, the donor's ABO blood type is usually matched to the recipient's. If the recipient has antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA), proteins found on the surface of white blood cells, the donor's cells need to be tested for compatibility, because antibodies against donor granulocytes can reduce the effectiveness of the transfusion and cause transfusion reactions. In order to collect enough granulocytes for the transfusion to be effective, donors are frequently given drugs to increase their neutrophil count prior to the blood collection. The treatment typically includes corticosteroids or G-CSF, often in combination. Donors may experience minor side effects from steroid and G-CSF treatment, including headaches, bone and joint pain, insomnia and fatigue. The donor blood undergoes leukapheresis, a process by which white blood cells are separated from red blood cells and plasma. During the blood collection, the donor's blood is mixed with hydroxyethyl starch, which helps separate the granulocytes from other blood components during sample processing. The other components of the blood are returned to the donor's circulation. The process of collecting the granulocytes takes about four to five hours. Because a large amount of blood (seven to ten litres) is processed during apheresis, donors may experience adverse effects from changes in fluid balance. An alternative approach, more commonly used in the United Kingdom, is to combine the buffy coats (the fraction of blood containing white blood cells) from multiple routine blood donations to create a blood product containing a high amount of granulocytes. Once collected, granulocytes have a 24-hour shelf life. It is recommended that they are transfused within a few hours of collection. They cannot be frozen, as this severely inhibits the cells' functions. The white blood cell concentrate obtained through leukapheresis contains a high number of active T lymphocytes, which can cause graft-versus-host disease in the recipient, so it is often exposed to radiation to inactivate these cells.
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