Group 8 metallocenylmethylium cation

Group 8 Metallocenylmethylium Cations are a class of metallocene cations that feature a bond between the iron, ruthenium or osmium center and a carbenium moiety that extends from the cyclopentadienyl ring of the sandwich complex. They possess a similar electronic structure and bonding to ferrocene and other metallocene compounds. The structure and reactivity of these 18-electron organometallic complexes has been under study since the development of substituted ferrocene derivatives in the 1950s. Investigations of this class of molecule has been motivated the stabilization of the carbenium moiety via the metal center and their high reactivity. These studies were significant enough for one of these group 8 metallocenylmethylium cations, the ruthenocenylmethylium cation, to be the cover molecule of an issue of Organometallics in September, 2007. The issue featured a review of metallocenylmethylium cations, and the founding editor of Organometallics, Dietmar Seyferth, provided an introduction to the review. Upon the development of functionalized ferrocene molecules, studies of the reactivity of these molecules began. Researchers observed higher than expected reactivity at the α-carbon to the cyclopentadienyl ring. In 1956, scientists reported that phenyl-ferrocenyl-methanol formed ethers as effectively as tertiary alcohols. The mild conditions necessary for this reaction led to the hypothesis that an intermediate carbenium was being stabilized via the metallocene.

Building upon the observation of rapid solvolysis at this position, researchers investigated the importance of the orientation of the leaving group relative to the metal. Among exo- and endo-α-acetoxy-1,2-tetramethyleneferrocenes, they observed faster rates of solvolysis of exo-acetoxy groups α to the ferrocene compared to endo-acetoxy groups α to the ferrocene. Compounds with the exo- geometry possess iron atoms trans to the acetoxy groups. This orientation enables the electrons of the iron atom to donate to the antibonding orbital of the α-C-O bond and increases the rate of the ionization. Observation of the enhanced reactivity and geometric constraints of this stabilization led to the hypothesis and subsequent discovery that there was a stabilizing interaction between the metal center and carbocation.

Although these metallocenylmethylium cations had been observed as intermediates and characterized indirectly since the 1950s, the first direct characterization and isolation of a primary metallocenylmethylium via x-ray crystallography did not occur until 1987. The elucidation of the structure of a primary ferrocenylmethylium cation occurred via an electron rich nonamethylferrocenylmethylium cation with a bulky anion in 2000. Prior to the elucidation of this structure, iron-carbenium interactions were not observed in the crystal structures of iron containing substituted carbeniums. The analogous nonamethylmetallocenylmethylium cations were reported in 1987 and 1989 for ruthenium and osmium, respectively. The synthesis, isolation and characterization by x-ray crystallography of the primary ruthenocenylmethylium did not require substitution to the cyclopentadienyl rings and was first reported in 2001.

Synthesis The synthesis of these compounds is generally achieved via the abstraction of a leaving group from the carbon α to the cyclopentadienyl moiety of the metallocene. Reported strategies often begin with a metallocene with an α-aldehyde and use a reducing agent to reduce the aldehyde to an alcohol. This alcohol can be eliminated by the addition of acids such as fluoroboric acid, hexafluorophosphoric acid, or triflic acid. Additionally, the use of carbenium salts such as triphenylmethyl hexafluorophosphate, results in the elimination of the alcohol. These compounds have been crystallized and isolated as salts with weakly coordinating anions such tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, tetraphenylborate, and tetrakis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate

Reactivity

The stabilized carbocation that is characteristic of these molecules enables them to undergo C-C, C-N and C-O bond forming reactions under mild conditions. During initial examinations of substituted metallocenes, researchers observed rapid solvolysis of functional groups α to the metallocene. One example of this is the mild synthesis of ethers from hydroxy groups α to the metallocene. Between the iron, ruthenium, and osmium metallocene complexes, researchers observed higher rates of solvolysis of acetate α to the metallocene in 30% acetone/water compared to trityl acetate. The three congeners possessed reactivity towards solvolysis with osmium being the most reactive, followed by ruthenium, and lastly iron was the least reactive. The opposite order of reactivity is observed for electrophilic substitution via acylation and competitive acylation. This trend in reactivity indicates that lesser metal-carbenium interaction leads to more carbocation character at the carbenium fragment.

Although the carbenium is stabilized by the metal center, both the octamethyl-ruthenocenylmethylium ions have been observed to react with amines to form C-N bonds, ether linked dimers, or C-C bonds via electrophilic aromatic substitution at the methylium. The reaction of the ruthenocenylmethylium with triethylamine undergoes a reversible reaction between the carbocation and the amine that eventually forms a dimer linked by an oxygen atom. The ether formation results from the formation of hydroxide from advantageous water and the amine base, as the molecules are otherwise less reactive to water. When the octamethyl-ruthenocenylmethylium is treated with N,N'-diethyl-aniline, researchers observe electrophilic aromatic substitution from the para position and the methylium cation rather than C-N bond formation.

Structure and bonding The structure of metallocenylmethylium ions has been the subject of publications across several decades. Similar to ferrocene, these cations possess two cyclopentadienyl rings forming a sandwich compound with the metal atom. The cyclopentadienyl rings are anionic and possess six-electron π-systems that are aromatic according to Hückel's Rule. The two anionic rings interact with the cationic metal atom to create an 18-electron complex.

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