Gryposuchus (meaning "hooked crocodile") is an extinct genus of gavialid crocodilian. Fossils have been found from Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil and the Peruvian Amazon. The genus existed during the Miocene epoch (Colhuehuapian to Huayquerian). One recently described species, G. croizati, grew to an estimated length of 10 metres (33 ft). Gryposuchus is the type genus of the subfamily Gryposuchinae, although a 2018 study indicates that Gryposuchinae and Gryposuchus might be paraphyletic and rather an evolutionary grade towards the gharial.
Species The type species of Gryposuchus is G. jessei, named based on a well-preserved rostrum collected along the Pauini River of Brazil in 1912. The specimen was probably destroyed during World War II by the 1943 bombing of Hamburg. Another specimen named UFAC 1272, consisting of a premaxilla and maxilla, was discovered in the nearby Sena Madureia locality of the late Miocene Solimões Formation, in and referred to the species in 1997. Gryposuchus jessei is also referred to from the Urumaco Formation of northwestern Venezuela. A second species, G. neogaeus, was referred to the genus in 1982; specimens from this species were first described from the late Miocene Ituzaingó Formation of Argentina in 1885, although it was referred to Rhamphostomopsis at the time. Another species, G. colombianus, has been recovered from deposits from the Middle Miocene Honda Group of Colombia, and the late Miocene Urumaco Formation in Venezuela. This species, named in 1965, was originally referred to Gavialis. Fragmentary material of Gryposuchus from the Fitzcarrald Arch in the Peruvian Amazon dating back to the late middle Miocene bear a close resemblance to G. colombianus, but differ in rostrum proportions. G. neogaeus and G. colombianus have been proposed as synonyms of G. jessei, but this is unlikely due to the number of anatomical differences between them.
A species described in 2008, G. croizati, also found from the upper Miocene Urumaco Formation in Venezuela, can be distinguished from other species of Gryposuchus on the basis of a reduced number of maxillary teeth, a slender parietal interfenestral bar, and widely separated and reduced palatine fenestrae, and other characters. Based on measurements of the orbital cranial skeleton, the length of the animal has been estimated at around 10.15 metres (33.3 ft) in length, with a total mass of about 1,745 kilograms (3,847 lb). Measuring the entire length of the skull from the end of the rostrum to the supraoccipital would result in a much larger size estimate, up to three times as great. However, because there is considerable variation seen in rostral proportions among crocodilians, the latter measurements are probably not an accurate way of estimating body mass and length. Despite this, the species is still one of the largest crocodilians known to have existed, and it may have been the second largest gavialoid to have ever existed if a recent revision in the estimated size of the large gharial relative Rhamphosuchus is correct (the genus was once considered to be 15 metres (49 ft) in length; the new estimate puts it at approximately 11 metres (36 ft)). G.colombianus has been estimated at 8 metres (26 ft) in length. Some skull material also recovered from Peruvian Amazon (Iquitos) in the Pebas Formation of the Middle Miocene, was named as Gryposuchus pachakamue in 2016 by Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi et al. It includes the holotype MUSM 987, a well preserved skull that lacks of temporal and occipital bones; it measures 623.2 millimeters in length, and a series of referred specimens, including possible juveniles. The species was named after the Quechuan word for a primordial god and "storyteller". This new species is characterized by have 22 teeth in the mandible and the maxilla, a snout comparable in relative length to the modern Gavialis gangeticus, and is notable since that its orbits were wider than long and not so upturned as another species of gavialids, including the gryposuchines, which implies that G. pachakamue doesn't had the "telescoped" orbits (protruding eyes) condition fully developed. Since that it species, that inhabited the proto-Amazon fluvial system 13 million years ago, is the oldest record of gavialids in this area and it had a primitive telescoped eyes condition, it shows that the development of such condition was a case of convergent evolution with the species of Gavialis also found in fluvial environments. Indeterminate finds of Gryposuchus were noted from the early Miocene Castillo Formation of Venezuela, middle Miocene Pebas Formation of Peru, middle/late Miocene Tranquitas Formation of Argentina and from the late Miocene formations Urumaco of Venezuela and Solimões in both Brazil and Peru. Additionally, indeterminate finds of gavialoids (all in either coastal or marine sediments) are present in the early Miocene Jimol Formation and the early/middle Miocene Castilletes Formation in Colombia, and from the Oligo-Miocene boundary Pirabas Formation of coastal Brazil.
Phylogeny A phylogenetic analysis conducted in a 2007 study found Gryposuchinae to include the genera Aktiogavialis, Gryposuchus, Ikanogavialis, Piscogavialis, and Siquisiquesuchus. Below is a cladogram from the 2007 analysis showing the phylogenetic relationships of gryposuchines among gavialoids:
Alternatively, a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data indicated that the members of Gryposuchinae and the genus Gryposuchus may in fact be paraphyletic and rather an evolutionary grade towards Gavialis and the gharial, as shown in the cladogram below:
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