Gül Mosque (Turkish: Gül Camii, meaning Rose Mosque' in English) is a former Byzantine church in Istanbul, Turkey, converted into a mosque by the Ottomans. It is in Vakıf Mektebi Sokak in the district of Fatih, Istanbul, in the neighbourhood of Ayakapı ('Gate of the Saint'). It lies at the end of the valley which divides the fourth and fifth hills of Constantinople and overlooks the Golden Horn from its imposing position .
Problem of identification
Although the Gül Mosque was one of the most important Byzantine buildings in Constantinople, its dedication and the date of its construction have been disputed by scholars. It is sometimes identified with the church belonging to the nunnery of Saint Theodosia (Greek: Μονή τής Άγιας Θεοδοσίας εν τοις Δεξιοκράτους, Monē tis Hagias Theodosias en tois Dexiokratous) or with that of the monastery of Christ the Benefactor (Greek: Μονή του Χριστού του Ευεργέτου, Monē tou Christou tou Euergetou). After Stephan Gerlach visited it in the late 15th century, the building was always identified as the church of Hagia Theodosia en tois Dexiokratous. However, at the beginning of the last century, Jules Pargoire identified it instead as the church of Hagia Euphēmia en tō Petriō, built during the reign of Basil I (867–886), and explained why he thought this was the case. After studies aimed at the dating of the basement in the 1960s, the German archaeologist Hartmut Schäfer estimated the date of the church's construction as between the end of the eleventh and the first half of the 12th century, placing it in the Komnenian period, and identifying it hypothetically as the church of the monastery of Christos Euergetēs. He refuted the idea that the Gül Mosque was the building where the body of Hagia Theodosia was brought at the end of the Iconoclasm period. On the other hand, he did not exclude the possibility that the building could have been dedicated to Hagia Theodosia at a later period.
History
Byzantine period
On January 19, 729, at the very beginning of the iconoclastic persecutions, Emperor Leo III the Isaurian ordered the removal of an image of Christ which stood over the Chalkē, the main gate of the Great Palace of Constantinople. While an officer was executing the order, a group of women gathered to prevent the operation, and one of them, a nun named Theodosia, caused him to fall from the ladder. The man died, and Theodosia was captured and executed. After the end of the Iconoclasm era, Theodosia was recognized as a martyr and saint, and her body was kept and venerated in the church of Hagia Euphemia en tō Petriō, in the quarter named Dexiokratiana, after the houses owned here by one Dexiokrates. The church and adjoining monastery were erected by Emperor Basil I at the end of the ninth century. The monastery hosted his four daughters, who were all buried in the church. Hagia Euphemia lay near the Monastery of Christos Euergetēs, whose foundation date is unknown although it was restored by protosebastos John Komnenos, son of Andronikos I Komnenos and brother of co-emperor John, who died fighting in the battle of Myriokephalon in 1176. On April 12, 1204, during the Fourth Crusade, the Latin fleet gathered in front of the monastery of Christos Euergetes before attacking the city. During the period of the Latin occupation, the navy had its anchorage in front of the monastery. Many sacred relics kept in the church were looted by the Crusaders and some still exist in churches throughout western Europe. Over time, the veneration of St Theodosia grew until, after the 11th century, the church was renamed after her. Since the original feast day of Hagia Euphemia was on 30 May, and that of another Hagia Theodosia (Hagia Theodosia of Tyros) was on 29 May, 29 May came to be accepted as the feast day of Hagia Theodosia hē Konstantinoupolitissa ('Saint Theodosia of Constantinople'). Hagia Theodosia became one of the most venerated saints in Constantinople, being invoked particularly by the infirm. Her fame increased when a deaf-mute was miraculously cured in 1306. The church was often mentioned by the Russian pilgrims who visited the city in the fourteenth and early fifteenth century, although it was sometimes confused with the nearby church of Christ Euergetēs. Twice a week there was a procession during which the relics hosted in the church were carried and a crowd of sick people followed, praying to be cured.
The church was mentioned for the last time on May 28, 1453. On that day, which was the eve both of the saint's feast and also of the end of the Byzantine Empire, the Emperor Constantine XI went with the Patriarch to pray in the church, which was adorned with garlands of roses. Afterward Constantine left for the last fight before the city fell to the Ottomans . Many people remained all the night in the church, praying for the city's salvation. After entering the city, the Ottoman troops arrived to find the church was still adorned with flowers, hence, it is thought to have been called "Rose Mosque". After the Ottoman conquest, the basement of the church fell into ruin and was used as naval dockyard. Close to the building, Seyhülislam Molla Hüsrev Mehmet Effendi (died 1480) established a vakıf (foundation) and erected a small mosque (Küçük Mustafa Paşa Mescidi) and a bath (Küçük Mustafa Paşa Hamamı), which still exists. In 1490, the ruined church was repaired and converted into a mosque. During the reign of Selim II, between 1566 and 1574, a minaret was erected by Hassam Pasha, a supplier to the Ottoman navy. Afterwards the mosque was often named after him. Between 1573 and 1578, during his sojourn in Istanbul, the German preacher Stephan Gerlach visited the mosque and identified it with the church of Hagia Theodosia. During that century a local holy man named Gül Baba was allegedly buried in the building. It is possible that the mosque was actually named after him. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the upper part of the church-mosque was badly damaged by earthquakes. Eventually Sultan Murad IV restored it, rebuilding the dome and its pendentives, almost the whole west side, the vaults at the southwest and northwest corners, and the minaret. The building escaped the fire which ravaged the quarter in 1782, and was restored again by Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839), who added the wooden Sultan's lodge.
Architecture
Exterior
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