In mathematics, Hadjicostas's formula is a formula relating a certain double integral to values of the gamma function and the Riemann zeta function. It is named after Petros Hadjicostas.
Statement Let s be a complex number with s ≠ -1 and Re(s) > −2. Then
∫ 0 1 ∫ 0 1 1 − x 1 − x y ( − log ( x y ) ) s d x d y = Γ ( s + 2 ) ( ζ ( s + 2 ) − 1 s + 1 ) . {\displaystyle \int _{0}^{1}\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1-x}{1-xy}}(-\log(xy))^{s}\,dx\,dy=\Gamma (s+2)\left(\zeta (s+2)-{\frac {1}{s+1}}\right).}
Here Γ is the Gamma function and ζ is the Riemann zeta function.
Background The first instance of the formula was proved and used by Frits Beukers in his 1978 paper giving an alternative proof of Apéry's theorem. He proved the formula when s = 0, and proved an equivalent formulation for the case s = 1. This led Petros Hadjicostas to conjecture the above formula in 2004, and within a week it had been proven by Robin Chapman. He proved the formula holds when Re(s) > −1, and then extended the result by analytic continuation to get the full result.
Special cases As well as the two cases used by Beukers to get alternate expressions for ζ(2) and ζ(3), the formula can be used to express the Euler–Mascheroni constant as a double integral by letting s tend to −1:
γ = ∫ 0 1 ∫ 0 1 1 − x ( 1 − x y ) ( − log ( x y ) ) d x d y . {\displaystyle \gamma =\int _{0}^{1}\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {1-x}{(1-xy)(-\log(xy))}}\,dx\,dy.}
The latter formula was first discovered by Jonathan Sondow and is the one referred to in the title of Hadjicostas's paper.
Notes
See also Hessami Pilehrood, Kh.; Hessami Pilehrood, T. (2008). "Vacca-type series for values of the generalized-Euler-constant function and its derivative". arXiv:0808.0410 [math.NT]. Sondow, J (2005). "Double integrals for Euler's constant and ln 4/π and an analog of Hadjicostas's formula". American Mathematical Monthly. 112: 61–65. arXiv:math.CA/0211148. doi:10.2307/30037385. JSTOR 30037385. Sondow, Jonathan; Hadjicostas, Petros (2008). "The generalized-Euler-constant function γ(z) and a generalization of Somos's quadratic recurrence constant". Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. 332: 292–314. arXiv:math/0610499. doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2006.09.081.
