In mathematics, the Hall algebra is an associative algebra with a basis corresponding to isomorphism classes of finite abelian p-groups. It was first discussed by Steinitz (1901) but forgotten until it was rediscovered by Philip Hall (1959), both of whom published no more than brief summaries of their work. The Hall polynomials are the structure constants of the Hall algebra. The Hall algebra plays an important role in the theory of Masaki Kashiwara and George Lusztig regarding canonical bases in quantum groups. Ringel (1990) generalized Hall algebras to more general categories, such as the category of representations of a quiver.
Construction A finite abelian p-group M is a direct sum of cyclic p-power components C p λ i , {\displaystyle C_{p^{\lambda _{i}}},} where
λ = ( λ 1 , λ 2 , … ) {\displaystyle \lambda =(\lambda _{1},\lambda _{2},\ldots )} is a partition of n {\displaystyle n} called the type of M. Let g μ , ν λ ( p ) {\displaystyle g_{\mu ,\nu }^{\lambda }(p)} be the number of subgroups N of M such that N has type ν {\displaystyle \nu } and the quotient M/N has type μ {\displaystyle \mu } . Hall proved that the functions g are polynomial functions of p with integer coefficients. Thus we may replace p with an indeterminate q, which results in the Hall polynomials
g μ , ν λ ( q ) ∈ Z [ q ] . {\displaystyle g_{\mu ,\nu }^{\lambda }(q)\in \mathbb {Z} [q].\,}
Hall next constructs an associative ring H {\displaystyle H} over Z [ q ] {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} [q]} , now called the Hall algebra. This ring has a basis consisting of the symbols u λ {\displaystyle u_{\lambda }} and the structure constants of the multiplication in this basis are given by the Hall polynomials:
u μ u ν = ∑ λ g μ , ν λ ( q ) u λ . {\displaystyle u_{\mu }u_{\nu }=\sum _{\lambda }g_{\mu ,\nu }^{\lambda }(q)u_{\lambda }.\,}
It turns out that H is a commutative ring, freely generated by the elements u 1 n {\displaystyle u_{\mathbf {1} ^{n}}} corresponding to the elementary p-groups. The linear map from H to the algebra of symmetric functions defined on the generators by the formula
u 1 n ↦ q − n ( n − 1 ) / 2 e n {\displaystyle u_{\mathbf {1} ^{n}}\mapsto q^{-n(n-1)/2}e_{n}\,}
(where en is the nth elementary symmetric function) uniquely extends to a ring homomorphism and the images of the basis elements u λ {\displaystyle u_{\lambda }} may be interpreted via the Hall–Littlewood symmetric functions. Specializing q to 1, these symmetric functions become Schur functions, which are thus closely connected with the theory of Hall polynomials.
References Hall, Philip (1959), "The algebra of partitions", Proceedings of the 4th Canadian mathematical congress, Banff, pp. 147–159 George Lusztig, Quivers, perverse sheaves, and quantized enveloping algebras, Journal of the American Mathematical Society 4 (1991), no. 2, 365–421. Macdonald, Ian G. (1995), Symmetric functions and Hall polynomials, Oxford Mathematical Monographs (2nd ed.), The Clarendon Press Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-853489-1, MR 1354144 Ringel, Claus Michael (1990), "Hall algebras and quantum groups", Inventiones Mathematicae, 101 (3): 583–591, Bibcode:1990InMat.101..583R, doi:10.1007/BF01231516, MR 1062796, S2CID 120480847 Schiffmann, Olivier (2012), "Lectures on Hall algebras", Geometric methods in representation theory. II, Sémin. Congr., vol. 24-II, Paris: Soc. Math. France, pp. 1–141, arXiv:math/0611617, Bibcode:2006math.....11617S, MR 3202707 Steinitz, Ernst (1901), "Zur Theorie der Abel'schen Gruppen", Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematiker-Vereinigung, 9: 80–85
