Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi (March 6 [O.S. 22 February] 1889 – 18 March 1929) was an Uzbek author, composer, playwright, poet, scholar, teacher, and political activist. Niyazi is widely seen as one of the leading figures in the early development of modern Uzbek literature. He is generally considered the first Uzbek playwright, the founder of modern Uzbek musical forms, as well as the founder of Uzbek social realism. During the Russian Revolution, he supported the Bolsheviks, as they strongly opposed the system of feudal rule that was prevalent in much of Central Asia. He was one of the first Uzbeks to join the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and dedicated his life to promoting literacy and education in his homeland, opening schools and orphanages. Apart from Uzbek, Niyazi was fluent in several other languages, including Arabic, Persian, Russian, and Turkish. In addition to writing textbooks, non-fiction works, and newspaper articles, Hamza wrote plays, musicals, poetry, and novels. His prominent works include the novelette Yangi Saodat, the song Yasha, Shoʻro, and the poem memorializing honor killing victim Tursunoy Saidazimova as a martyr. His works generally dealt with social issues, such as women's rights, social inequality, and the prevalence of superstition. Born to a devout Muslim family, he became an atheist over time, supporting measures to control religious fanaticism and superstition in Central Asia. Traveling village by village, he tried to help teach people to read the Uzbek language as well as discourage violence against women and superstitious practices and promoted the hujum by organizing rallies. Stationed in Shohimardon to help with the five-year plan, he knew that the shrine in Shohimardon to Ali was not the actual resting place of Ali and intended to remove it, as the local elites used it to extort the local peasants by demanding they pay alms to it. However, the local clergy was outraged by his activities of promoting the hujum and trying to educate the populace about the dubious nature of the shrine. Consequently, Hamza was stoned to death on 18 March 1929. After his death, Hamza was hailed as a martyr in the struggle against feudalism and religious fanaticism. Streets, a station of the Tashkent metro (later renamed), the theater in Tashkent where he taught drama, and a literature prize were named in his honor. Statues built in his likeness were installed in numerous cities in the Uzbek SSR, and his character was the main protagonist in the 1961 movie Hamza and the 1970s TV series Fiery Roads. However, after independence, Hamza became significantly less revered, as his political views supportive of the Soviet Union and opposition to religious activities were seen as un-Uzbek and anti-Muslim, despite the fact that many of the customs he pushed to abolish were derived from pre-Islamic practices.
Life
Early life
Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi was born to an Uzbek family on 6 March [O.S. 22 February] 1889 in Kokand, the youngest of four children. His father, Ibn Yamin Niyoz oʻgʻli (1840—1922), was a wealthy apothecary. His father was educated in Bukhara, fluent in Uzbek and Persian, had travelled to India and Xinjiang, but was very religious. His mother Jahonbibi was also very religious. As a child, Hamza started his education in a maktab, then attended a madrassah for seven years. However, as his family's wealth declined, he found work at a cotton mill. He started writing poetry at age 16, commenting on social issues facing Uzbeks, although he did not start publishing his poetry until much later. From around 1906 to 1907, Hamza was an avid reader of the Crimean Tatar newspaper Terciman, which inspired him to start questioning the social norms of Uzbek society and develop an interest in major social changes. During Tsarist times, Hamza tried to promote education and founded secular schools for orphans and poor children to teach them how to read free of charge. However, he faced many setbacks, as local authorities would frequently try to close the schools. The school he opened in Kokand in 1911 was soon closed after the clergy accused him of promoting atheism, but he reopened it and went on to try to open schools in other towns such as Margilan. However, the local clergy was strongly opposed to the existence of secular schools and tried to stop the schools from functioning. Working as a teacher, he authored Uzbek-language primers and textbooks for children, such as Yengil adabiyot (Easy Literature) (1914), Oʻqish kitobi (Reading Book) (1914), and Qiroat kitobi (Reading with Intonation) (1915).
Post-revolution period Niyazi ardently supported the Russian Revolution of 1917. He joined the Communist Party in 1920, becoming one of the first Uzbeks in the Party, and frequently engaged in Soviet politics. While Hamza wore Western-style clothes in 1915, he went back to wearing traditional Uzbek dress in 1920.
In the course of his work, Hamza often met with the Tajik writer Sadriddin Ayni, who was also an advocate of the Jadid movement before the revolution, later becoming a supporter of the Soviet Union. In 1918, Hamza co-founded an Uzbek theater troupe along with Muhitdin Qoriyoqubov. He went on to work on founding other theater troupes, such as the Kokand troupe. For his work and contributions to Uzbek-Soviet literature, he was awarded the title People's Writer of the Uzbek SSR in 1926.
Marriages and children In 1912, Hamza married his first wife was Aksinya (in some sources Zoya) Uvarova, a Russian woman who had worked as a nanny to a wealthy family in Kokand. Uvarova converted to Islam for their marriage to be legal and took the new name Zuhra. However, they did not stay together for long, as she and their son Gʻiyos fled to Tambov for their safety after being threatened by fanatics. The couple also had a daughter, but the girl died at a young age. Gʻiyos also died when he was only ten. In 1923 (in some sources 1922), Hamza married Zaynab (Zina) Ahmadjonova (in some sources Fayzullina), with whom he had a son, Abbos. His second marriage was also short-lived. Abbos was killed in action during World War II in Karachevsky District, then part of Oryol Oblast, Russian SFSR.
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