engineering

Harald Bode

Harald Bode is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Harald Bode rather than just read about it. In short: Harald Bode (October 19, 1909 – January 15, 1987) was a German engineer and pioneer in the development of electronic musical instruments. Biography Harald Bode was born in 1909 in Hamburg, Germany.

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Reference excerpt

Harald Bode (October 19, 1909 – January 15, 1987) was a German engineer and pioneer in the development of electronic musical instruments.

Biography Harald Bode was born in 1909 in Hamburg, Germany. At the age of 18 he lost his parents and started studying, and graduated from the University of Hamburg in 1934. In 1935, he began his pioneering work in the field of electronic musical instruments, and with funding support provided by Christian Warnke, his earliest work was completed in 1937. The Warbo Formant Organ (1937), an archetype of today's polyphonic synthesizer, was a four voice key-assignment keyboard with two formant filters and dynamic envelope controller. Eventually it went into commercial production by a factory in Dachau, and it became one of the earliest polyphonic synthesizer products, along with Novachord (1939) by Hammond. The Melochord (1947–1949), developed by Bode, was extensively used by Werner Meyer-Eppler in early days of the electronic studio at Bonn University. Then in 1953 a Melochord, along with Monochord by Friedrich Trautwein, was specially commissioned by the Studio for Electronic Music of the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR Studio in Cologne), and used by the Elektronische Musik group throughout the 1950s. (see Melochord at the WDR Studio in Cologne) From 1950, Bode designed electronic organs for the Apparatewerk Bayern (AWB) in Germany and the Estey Organ Company in the United States. In 1954, Bode immigrated to the United States as a chief engineer (later vice-president) of Estey Organ, and resumed his research at several companies and as a contractor of German companies. In 1959–1960, Bode developed a modular synthesizer and sound processor, and in 1961, he wrote a paper exploring the advantages of newly emerging transistor technology over older vacuum tube devices; also he served as AES session chairman on music and electronic for the fall conventions in 1962 and 1964; after then, his ideas were adopted by Robert Moog, Donald Buchla and others. After retiring from the chief engineer of Bell Aerospace in 1974, he composed TV-advertising spots and gave live concerts. Also in 1977, Bode was invited as a chief engineer of the Norlin/Moog Music after Robert Moog left. He died in North Tonawanda in 1987. Bode's influence upon electronic music has persisted long after his death, with a number of 21st century musicians referencing or sampling his work. His complete estate is preserved at the ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, where it is accessible for research.

Accomplishments Theory, circuits and devices to the sound production and sound figuration. Development and building of monophonic and polyphonic electronic organs/synthesizers and the sound processors:

Warbo Formant Organ (1937) one of the first key-assignment polyphonic synthesizers with formant filters and dynamic envelope shaping, designed and built by Bode with the funding support provided by Christian Warnke. (Note: "Warbo" is acronym of Warnke-Bode) Melodium (1938) monophonic touch-sensitive synthesizer developed with Oskar Vierling, used in film scores and "light" music Multimonica (1940, Hohner) dual manual electronic/acoustic hybrid keyboard instrument, consists of monophonic sawtooth wave oscillator (upper) and air-driven reed harmonium (lower) Melochord (1947–1949) 37-key monophonic keyboard with dynamic envelope wave shaping, volume pedal controller, and transpose switches to cover seven octaves. Later a second keyboard was added to control the timbre. For the Apparatewerk Bayern (AWB) in Germany, Estey Organ Company in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA, and others:

Polychord (1950) Polychord III (c. 1951, Apparatewerk Bayern) Bode Organ (1951), later known as Estey Electronic Organ, based on Polychord III Cembaphon (1951), an electric harpsichord using electrostatic pickup Tuttivox (1953, Jörgensen Elektronic), under license by Jörgensen Elektronic in Düsseldorf, apparently the only one of this type built (a portable electronic organ based on vacuum tube technology) Concert Clavioline (1953) 6-octave model (by transpose buttons) of Clavioline (1947) originally developed by Constant Martin. (portable monophonic synthesizer based on vacuum tubes) Estey Electronic Organ model S and AS-1 (1954) During his time as an executive of the Wurlitzer Organ Co.:

A first transistor model of the Wurlitzer Electric Piano (1960) Modular Synthesizer / Sound Processor (1959–1960) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) (1960)

As the products of Bode Sound Company:

Bode Ring Modulator (1964) Bode Frequency Shifter (1964) Bode Vocoder 7702 / Moog Vocoder (1977) Note that above three products were also licensed to Moog Music as a part of the Moog Synthesizer. Bode Barberpole Phaser (1981) Bode Feedback Stabilizer (1982)

Notable users

The Melochord at the WDR Studio in Cologne was used by:

Werner Meyer-Eppler in his composition Klangmodelle (1951) and lectures at Darmstadt New Music Summer School, Herbert Eimert and Robert Beyer in their joint compositions Klangstudie I (1951) and Klangfiguren II (c.1951), and György Ligeti in his composition Glissandi (1957). But in the case of Karlheinz Stockhausen, a student of Meyer-Eppler at the University of Bonn in 1954–1956, his only use of the melochord was in a failed experiment with a ring modulator. After this, he chose to disregard such instruments in favor of sine-wave generators, which he used in producing Studie I (1953) and Studie II (1954). This was also true for the two works by Karel Goeyvaerts produced there, and for Seismogramme (1954) by Henri Pousseur.

Personal life He was the father of cinematographer Ralf D. Bode, and video artist Peer Bode.

Notes

Models

Photos

Further reading Palov, Rebekkah, Harald Bode – A Lifetime for Sound (PDF), Harald Bode News, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-02, retrieved 2011-09-12 Reid, Gordon, "The Story of the Clavioline", Sound on Sound (March 2007)

External links

Harald Bode News – Newsletter of Harald Bode Archive Permanent exhibition of Bode instruments at the Estey Organ Museum in Brattleboro, Vermont Harald Bode on '120 Years Of Electronic Music'

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Harald Bode

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Harald Bode claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Harald Bode before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Harald Bode ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Harald Bode

In research: Harald Bode appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Harald Bode in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Harald Bode is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1909 births, 1987 deaths, 20th-century German engineers, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Harald Bode outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Harald Bode in 20 minutes

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Frequently asked questions

What is Harald Bode in simple terms?

Harald Bode (October 19, 1909 – January 15, 1987) was a German engineer and pioneer in the development of electronic musical instruments. Biography Harald Bode was born in 1909 in Hamburg, Germany.

Why does Harald Bode matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Harald Bode?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Harald Bode.