engineering

Heathrow Terminal 4

Heathrow Terminal 4 is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Heathrow Terminal 4 rather than just read about it. In short: Heathrow Terminal 4 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, the main airport serving London, England, situated to the south of the southern runway, next to the cargo terminal. It is connected to Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 by the vehicular Heathrow Cargo Tunnel, and by rail with the Heathrow Terminal 4 tube and Heathrow Terminal 4 railway stations.

Key takeaways

Heathrow Terminal 4 belongs to engineering; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Heathrow Terminal 4 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Heathrow Terminal 4 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Heathrow Terminal 4 is an airport terminal at Heathrow Airport, the main airport serving London, England, situated to the south of the southern runway, next to the cargo terminal. It is connected to Heathrow Terminals 2 and 3 by the vehicular Heathrow Cargo Tunnel, and by rail with the Heathrow Terminal 4 tube and Heathrow Terminal 4 railway stations. The Prince and Princess of Wales opened Terminal 4 on 1 April 1986. British Airways was the main airline operating from the terminal from 1986 until its move to Terminal 5 on 29 October 2009, eventually making Terminal 4 the Heathrow base for airlines of the SkyTeam airline alliance.

History In 1979, approval for a fourth terminal at Heathrow Airport was granted. The new terminal was built south of the southern runway for £200 million over a 197-acre (80-hectare) site. The Prince and Princess of Wales opened Terminal 4 on 1 April 1986.

Construction The public enquiry was from May to December 1978. Outline planning permission was given in December 1979. Full planning permission was given in September 1981. The main contractor was Taylor Woodrow Construction. Work on the foundations began in September 1981. The architects were Ann Gibson, Ken Gilham, and John Church. Dunlop Transportation Systems made eight passenger conveyors, known as 'Starglide'. 15 escalators were made by O&K Escalators. The terminal was to open in October 1985. The link to Hatton Cross was built by Taylor Woodrow and ThyssenKrupp. The Terminal 4 tube station built by Balfour Beatty, and the ticket hall.

Overview

Terminal design

Best known for its yellow jet bridges, the terminal was initially designed as a facility for short-haul 'point-to-point' traffic, to compensate for its relatively long distance from the airport's central terminal area (CTA). The layout of the terminal, with passenger boarding gates very close to the check-in and security halls, was designed to facilitate rapid movement of passengers through the building (a requirement for short-haul, business-focused flights). Upon opening, it boasted other innovations, including the complete segregation of arriving and departing passengers and a departure concourse over 1⁄3 mile (500 metres) long. Lord King, then Chairman of British Airways, demanded that Terminal 4 be solely for the use of British Airways to fulfill the airline's ambition of hosting all its flights in one terminal (an ambition that still has not been achieved even with the opening of Terminal 5 in 2008). A similar demand was made on the North Terminal at Gatwick. Terminal 4's distance from the CTA and design were ill-suited for British Airways' long-haul operations. Passengers had to transfer between Terminal 4 and the CTA by bus rather than by a short moving walkway (as between Terminals 1 and 3, for example), and once inside Terminal 4, the gate areas were not large enough to accommodate the 300–400 passengers waiting to board the Boeing 747s. Passengers' baggage also had to make the trip by van, sometimes resulting in the luggage being mislaid. However, this problem was somewhat alleviated in the late 1990s by the construction of an automated transfer tunnel between the CTA and Terminal 4.

Improvements and renovations

Following the transfer of most of British Airways' flights to Terminal 5 in 2008, Terminal 4 underwent a £200m upgrade to accommodate 45 airlines and serve as the base for the SkyTeam airline alliance. The departures forecourt has been upgraded to reduce traffic congestion and improve security, and an extended check-in area opened in late 2009. Most internal areas of the terminal were renovated between 2009 and 2014. A new SkyTeam Alliance passenger lounge for premium passengers opened in 2009, followed by the Etihad Airways Lounge. A Malaysia Airlines Golden Lounge, Gulf Air Golden Falcon Lounge, Qatar Airways Premium Lounge and Plaza Premium Lounge have all opened since 2010. Two new stands to accommodate the Airbus A380 were constructed in 2009, and a further two opened in 2015. A new baggage system has also been installed. The refurbishment of the arrivals areas was completed in 2017.

Closure during the COVID-19 pandemic In 2020, all flights from Terminal 4 were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, rail and tube services to Terminal 4 station were withdrawn; TfL Rail services were diverted to T5. Heathrow also closed one of its runways in response to the drop in flights. In June 2021, Terminal 4 reopened as a terminal for passengers arriving from red-list countries only. The rail and underground stations remained closed at that time. On 23 February 2022, Heathrow CEO John Holland Kaye announced that Heathrow Terminal 4 was to reopen in time for the summer travel peak in July. It was later announced that the Terminal would reopen on 14 June.

Usage

British Airways use (1986-2008) British Airways was a prominent user of this terminal until its move to Terminal 5 in 2008. However, despite the airline being based there, Terminal 4 was also used by Qantas until its move to Terminal 3.

SkyTeam Terminal 4 is the base for SkyTeam members except Aeroméxico, Virgin Atlantic, and China Airlines (all Terminal 3 only) alongside Scandinavian Airlines and Middle East Airlines (both uses Terminal 2). Delta Air Lines was a mainstay at Terminal 4 until it later joined these carriers at Terminal 3 on September 14, 2016 for easier connectivity with Virgin Atlantic.

Others Four Oneworld members fly out of Terminal 4: Malaysia Airlines, Royal Air Maroc, Qatar Airways, and Oman Air. SriLankan Airlines formerly operated from Terminal 4 but shortly after it joined Oneworld in 2014, it transferred its flights to Terminal 3. The principal non-aligned airlines are KM Malta Airlines, China Southern Airlines, El Al, Etihad Airways, Gulf Air, and Royal Brunei Airlines. Other non-aligned airlines are Air Algerie, Air Astana, Air Serbia, Azerbaijan Airlines, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, Bulgaria Air, Kuwait Airways, Tunisair, Uzbekistan Airlines, Vueling and WestJet.

Ground transport

Road links Terminal 4 is accessed from Junction 14 of the M25 motorway via the A3113 and then the Southern Perimeter Road. It is also accessible from Central London via the M4, exiting at Junction 3. There is a short stay car park directly opposite the terminal and a long stay car park on the other side of the twin rivers.

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Heathrow Terminal 4

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Heathrow Terminal 4 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Heathrow Terminal 4 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Heathrow Terminal 4 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Heathrow Terminal 4

In research: Heathrow Terminal 4 appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Heathrow Terminal 4 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Heathrow Terminal 4 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1986 establishments in England, Airport terminals, Buildings and structures at Heathrow Airport, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Heathrow Terminal 4 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Heathrow Terminal 4 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Heathrow Terminal 4 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Heathrow Terminal 4 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Heathrow Terminal 4 in simple terms?

Why does Heathrow Terminal 4 matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Heathrow Terminal 4?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Heathrow Terminal 4.