Hemipenthes

Key takeaways

Hemipenthes belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Hemipenthes to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Hemipenthes from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Hemipenthes is a large genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee-flies). There are many described species, distributed throughout the Holarctic realm. These are small to large robust flies with a body length of 5–14 mm. A number of species formerly in this genus were moved to a separate genus, Ins in 2020. Larvae are hyperparasites of parasitic Hymenoptera.

Extant species H. albus Ávalos-Hernández, 2009 - Nearctic: Mexico H. bigradata (Loew, 1869) - Nearctic: USA (California, New Mexico). Neotropical: Cuba, Bahamas, Jamaica, Puerto Rico H. blanchardiana (Jaennicke, 1867) - Nearctic: Mexico (Distrito Federal, Guanajuato, Guerrero, México, Puebla, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California, Texas) H. castanipes Bigot, 1892 - Nearctic H. catulina (Coquillett, 1894) - Nearctic: USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming) H. chimaera (Osten Sacken, 1887) - Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero, Sonora), USA (Arizona) H. comanche (Painter in Painter & Painter, 1962) - Nearctic: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah) H. differens (Hall, 1976) - Neotropical: Chile H. discolor (Hall, 1976) - Neotropical: Chile H. ditaenia (Wiedemann, 1828) - Neotropical: Argentina, Chile, Peru, Uruguay H. divisa (Walker) - Neotropical: South America H. edwardsii (Coquillett, 1894) - Nearctic: Canada (British Columbia), USA (California) H. edwarsi (Oldroyd, 1938) - Neotropical: Chile H. epilais (Wiedemann, 1828) - Neotropical: Brazil H. ethiops (Greathead, 1967) - Afrotropical: Ethiopia H. eversmanni Zaitzev and Madra Mandicencio, 1966 - Palaearctic: Kazakhstan, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine H. exoprosopoides Paramonov, 1928 - Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Sichuan), Iran, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. H. extensa Wulp, 1888 - Neotropical: Argentina H. galapagensis (Painter & Painter, 1974) - Neotropical: Argentina H. galathea (Osten Sacken, 1886) - Neotropical: Costa Rica H. gaudanica Paramonov, 1927 - Palaearctic: China (Xinjiang), Iran, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. gayi (Macquart, 1840) - Neotropical: Chile H. gussakovskyi Zaitzev, 1966 - Palaearctic: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan H. hamifera (Loew, 1854) - Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, China (Jiangsu, Nei Monggol, Xinjiang), France, Greece, Gruzia, Iran, Italy (incl. Sicily), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Russia (ES, WS), Spain, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia H. incisiva (Walker, 1852) - Nearctic: Mexico (Guerrero) H. inops (Coquillett, 1887) - Nearctic: USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, Washington) H. jaennickeana (Osten Sacken, 1886) - Nearctic: Mexico (Morelos, Sonora), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Texas, Utah) H. jezoensis (Matsumura, 1916) - Oriental: Taiwan. Palaearctic: Japan H. lepidota (Osten Sacken, 1887) - Nearctic: Canada (Alberta), Mexico (Baja California Norte, Baja California Sur, Chihuahua, Guerrero, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Sonora, Tamaulipas), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Louisiana, Nevada) H. maura (Linnaeus, 1758) - Palaearctic H. melaleuca (Wiedemann, 1828) - Neotropical: Argentina, Uruguay H. melana Bowden, 1965 - Oriental: Nepal H. mesasiatica Zaitzev, 1962 - Palaearctic: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. micromelas (Bigot, 1892) - Neotropical: Argentina H. mischanensis Paramonov, 1927 - Palaearctic: Armenia H. montanorum (Austen, 1936) - Oriental: China (Yunnan). Palaearctic: China (Qinghai, Sichuan, Xizang) H. morio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Oriental, Palaearctic H. nitidofasciata (Portschinsky, 1892) - Palaearctic: Kyrgyz Republic, Russia, Tajikistan H. noscibilis (Austen, 1936) - Palaearctic: China (Xizang) H. nudiuscula (Thomson, 1869) - Neotropical: Panama H. pamirensis Zaitzev, 1962 - Palaearctic: Mongolia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. panfilovi Zaitzev, 1981 - Palaearctic: Russia H. pauper (Becker, 1916) - Palaearctic: Algeria, Egypt H. praecisa (Loew, 1869) - Palaearctic: China (Beijing, Hebei, Nei Monggol), Kyrgyz Republic, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. pullata (Coquillett, 1894) - Nearctic: USA (Arizona, California) H. referens (Walker, 1852) - Oriental: India, Myanmar, Pakistan H. robusta Zaitzev, 1966 - Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Gruzia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. ruficollis (Bigot, 1892) - Neotropical: Argentina, Venezuela H. scylla (Osten Sacken, 1887) - Nearctic: Mexico (Guanajuato, Sonora), USA (Arizona, Texas). Neotropical: Venezuela H. semifucata (Hall, 1976) - Nearctic: USA (Arizona) H. seminigra Loew, 1869 - Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, Saskatchewan), Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington). Neotropical: Puerto Rico (incl. H. eumenes) H. sinuosa (Wiedemann, 1821) - Nearctic: USA H. splendida Zaitzev, 1962 - Palaearctic: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan H. subarcuata Loew, 1871 - Palaearctic: Tajikistan, Tunisia H. subvelutina Loew, 1871 - Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Shandong), Gruzia, Iran, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan H. tarapacensis (Hall, 1976) - Neotropical: Chile H. tenuirostris (Macquart, 1850) - Neotropical: Chile, Peru H. translucens Ávalos-Hernández, 2009 - Nearctic: Mexico H. tushetica Zaitzev, 1966 - Palaearctic: Armenia, Azerbaijan, China (Nei Monggol, Qinghai, Xinjiang), Gruzia, Iran H. velutina (Meigen, 1820) - Oriental (Pakistan), Palaearctic H. villeneuvi François, 1970 - Palaearctic: France, Greece, Italy H. vockerothi François, 1969 - Palaearctic: Spain H. webberi (Johnson, 1919) - Nearctic: Canada (Ontario, Quebec), USA (Connecticut, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Vermont, Wyoming) H. wilcoxi (Painter, 1933) - Nearctic: USA (California, Washington) H. yaqui (Painter in Painter & Painter, 1962) - Nearctic: Mexico (Sonora), USA (Arizona)

Extinct species H. gabbroensis (Handlirsch, 1907) - (Miocene) Italy H. provincialis (Handlirsch, 1907) - (Oligocene) France H. tertiaria (Handlirsch, 1907) - (Oligocene) Germany

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Hemipenthes

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Hemipenthes claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Hemipenthes before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Hemipenthes ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Hemipenthes

In research: Hemipenthes appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Hemipenthes in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Hemipenthes is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Asilomorpha of Europe, Bombyliidae, Bombyliidae genera, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Hemipenthes outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Hemipenthes in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Hemipenthes means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Hemipenthes out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Hemipenthes in simple terms?

Hemipenthes is a large genus of flies belonging to the family Bombyliidae (bee-flies). There are many described species, distributed throughout the Holarctic realm.

Why does Hemipenthes matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Hemipenthes?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Hemipenthes.