Hesperoyucca whipplei (syn. Yucca whipplei), the chaparral yucca, our Lord's candle, Spanish bayonet, Quixote yucca or foothill yucca, is a species of flowering plant closely related to, and formerly usually included in, the genus Yucca. It is native to southwest communities of North America.
Description
It produces a stemless basal rosette cluster of long, rigid leaves which end in a sharp point. The leaves are 20–90 cm (8–35 in), rarely to 125 cm (49 in), long and 0.7–2 cm (1⁄4–3⁄4 in) wide, and gray-green in color. The leaf edges are finely saw-toothed. The single inflorescence grows extremely fast, and reaches 0.9–3 metres (3–10 ft) tall, bearing hundreds of elliptical (bell-shaped) white to purplish flowers 3 cm (1+1⁄4 in) in diameter on a densely branched panicle up to 70 cm (28 in) broad, covering the upper half of the inflorescence. The flowers are fragrant. The fruit is a dry winged capsule, which splits open at maturity to release the seeds. According to Guinness the inflorescence pedicel of H. whipplei can grow up to 25 cm (9.8 in) a day towards an eventual height of 3.65 m (12.0 ft). The plant takes several (usually 5+) years to reach maturity and flower, doing so in April–May, at which point it usually dies. Most subspecies produce offshoots from the base, so that although the parent plant flowers and dies, a cluster of clones around its base continue to grow and reproduce. It may also grow back from its base after much of its foliage has been scorched off by the wildfires that are frequent in its range.
Taxonomy The taxonomy of H. whipplei is complex and controversial. Hesperoyucca was described as a genus by George Engelmann as long ago as 1892, but it has taken recent DNA analysis to confirm that they are genetically distinct from Yucca. Among those botanists who have treated (or still treat) it as a species of Yucca, six subspecies have been recognised; others have regarded them as varieties. Hochstätter's subspecies are:
Yucca whipplei ssp. whipplei Yucca whipplei ssp. caespitosa Yucca whipplei ssp. intermedia Yucca whipplei ssp. percursa Yucca whipplei ssp. newberryi Yucca whipplei ssp. eremica The plant treated as the subspecies Y. whipplei subsp. newberryi has been shown to be genetically distinct, and is often treated as a distinct species, Hesperoyucca newberryi. It is native further east, in Arizona, and differs in the capsules being unwinged or with only slight wings.
Etymology "Yuca" is a native name for the unrelated Manihot, a genus in the spurge family. Yucca whipplei is named after Amiel Weeks Whipple (1818–1863), a surveyor who oversaw the Pacific Railroad Survey to Los Angeles in 1853. The name our Lord's candle is derived from its huge, flame-shaped inflorescence. Spanish bayonet refers to the needle-sharp leaf tips which can cause discomfort to the unwary passer-by.
Distribution It is native to southern California in the United States and Baja California in Mexico, where it occurs mainly in chaparral, coastal sage scrub, and oak woodland plant communities at altitudes of 0–2,500 metres (8,200 feet). Yucca whipplei grows on the rocky slopes and washes of the chaparral area of the transverse mountains of Southern California up to approximately 1,200 m (4,000 ft) above mean sea level. This is the only species of the asparagus family naturally present in the Santa Monica Mountains of the transverse ranges.
Ecology It blooms beginning in April through July, blooming abundantly in chaparral and oak woodland up to 2,500 feet (760 metres). The shoots that bear flowers die after flowering, but produce offsets around the old roots. It is pollinated by the California yucca moth (Tegeticula maculata), a relationship which has become a classic example of mutualism. The female yucca moth collects up to a dozen sacks of pollen grains called pollinia and forms them into a massive ball. The moth then flies to another plant and lands on the ovary of a flower. Standing with its head near the stigma, the moth inserts its ovipositor into the ovary wall and lays a single egg. The moth then rubs its pollen mass against the central stigmatic depression, ensuring pollination. The pollinated ovary will now produce many seeds, ensuring an ample food supply for the larva. Although many associations of Yucca and yucca moth exist, Tegeticula maculata and Hesperoyucca whipplei form an exclusive relationship.
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