Hick's law, or the Hick–Hyman law, named after British and American psychologists William Edmund Hick and Ray Hyman, describes the time it takes for a person to make a decision as a result of the possible choices: increasing the number of choices will increase the decision time logarithmically. The Hick–Hyman law assesses cognitive information capacity in choice reaction experiments. The amount of time taken to process a certain amount of bits in the Hick–Hyman law is known as the "rate of gain of information". The plain language implication of the finding is that increasing the number of choices does not directly increase the time to choose. In other words, twice as many choices does not result in twice as long to choose. Also, because the relationship is logarithmic, the increase in time it takes to choose becomes less and less as the number of choices increases.
Background In 1868, Franciscus Donders reported the relationship between having multiple stimuli and choice reaction time. In 1885, J. Merkel discovered that the response time is longer when a stimulus belongs to a larger set of stimuli. Psychologists began to see similarities between this phenomenon and information theory. Hick first began experimenting with this theory in 1951. In his first experiment, 10 lamps were arranged in a circle around the subject, each paired with a Morse key operated by a different finger. A pre-punched tape activated a random lamp every 5 seconds. Four electric pens recorded each lamp activation on a moving paper strip as a 4-bit binary code; when the subject pressed the corresponding key, the same pens recorded the response in the same format. The distance between the two marks on the paper gave the reaction time. Although the 4-bit encoding could represent up to 16 states (15 lamp positions plus "all clear"), Hick used only 10. Hick performed a second experiment using the same task, while keeping the number of alternatives at 10. The participant performed the task the first two times with the instruction to perform the task as accurately as possible. For the last task, the participant was asked to perform the task as quickly as possible. While Hick was stating that the relationship between reaction time and the number of choices was logarithmic, Hyman wanted to better understand the relationship between the reaction time and the mean number of choices. In Hyman's experiment, he had eight different lights arranged in a 6x6 matrix. Each of these different lights was given a name, so the participant was timed in the time it took to say the name of the light after it was lit. Further experiments changed the number of each different type of light. Hyman was responsible for determining a linear relation between reaction time and the information transmitted.
Law
Given n equally probable choices, the average reaction time T required to choose among the choices is approximately:
T = b ⋅ log 2 ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle T=b\cdot \log _{2}(n+1)}
where b is a constant that can be determined empirically by fitting a line to measured data. The logarithm expresses depth of "choice tree" hierarchy – log2 indicates binary search was performed. Addition of 1 to n takes into account the "uncertainty about whether to respond or not, as well as about which response to make." In the case of choices with unequal probabilities, the law can be generalized as:
T = b H {\displaystyle T=bH}
where H is strongly related to the information-theoretic entropy of the decision, defined as
H = ∑ i n p i log 2 ( 1 / p i + 1 ) {\displaystyle H=\sum _{i}^{n}p_{i}\log _{2}(1/p_{i}+1)}
where pi refers to the probability of the ith alternative yielding the information-theoretic entropy. Hick's law is similar in form to Fitts's law. Hick's law has a logarithmic form because people subdivide the total collection of choices into categories, eliminating about half of the remaining choices at each step, rather than considering each and every choice one-by-one, which would require linear time.
Relation to IQ
E. Roth (1964) demonstrated a correlation between IQ and information processing speed, which is the reciprocal of the slope of the function:
Reaction Time = Movement Time + log 2 ( n ) Processing Speed {\displaystyle {\text{Reaction Time}}={\text{Movement Time}}+{\frac {\log _{2}(n)}{\text{Processing Speed}}}}
where n is the number of choices. The time it takes to come to a decision is proportional to:
log 2 ( n ) Processing Speed {\displaystyle {\frac {\log _{2}(n)}{\text{Processing Speed}}}}
Stimulus–response compatibility The stimulus–response compatibility is known to also affect the choice reaction time for the Hick–Hyman law. This means that the response should be similar to the stimulus itself (such as turning a steering wheel to turn the wheels of the car). The action the user performs is similar to the response the driver receives from the car.
Exceptions
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