biology

Hol-Tox family

Hol-Tox family is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Hol-Tox family rather than just read about it. In short: The putative holin-like toxin (Hol-Tox) family (TC# 1.E.42) consists of many small proteins, between 34 and 48 amino acyl residues (aas) with a single transmembrane segment (TMSs). Rajesh et al.

Key takeaways

Hol-Tox family belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Hol-Tox family to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Hol-Tox family from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The putative holin-like toxin (Hol-Tox) family (TC# 1.E.42) consists of many small proteins, between 34 and 48 amino acyl residues (aas) with a single transmembrane segment (TMSs). Rajesh et al. (2011) first identified the gene and designated it tmp1, which coded for a 34 amino acyl peptide that acts as an antibacterial agent on gram-positive bacteria. This peptide exhibits a single transmembrane domain (TMD) that is believed to play a role in facilitating the antibacterial activity. A representative list of proteins belonging to the Hol-Tox family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.

See also Holin Lysin

Further reading Reddy, Bhaskara L.; Saier Jr, Milton H. (2013). "Topological and phylogenetic analyses of bacterial holin families and superfamilies". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes. 1828 (11): 2654–2671. doi:10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.07.004. PMC 3788059. PMID 23856191. Saier, Milton H.; Reddy, Bhaskara L. (2015). "Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications". Journal of Bacteriology. 197 (1): 7–17. doi:10.1128/JB.02046-14. PMC 4288690. PMID 25157079. Wang, I. N.; Smith, D. L.; Young, R. (2000). "Holins: the protein clocks of bacteriophage infections". Annual Review of Microbiology. 54: 799–825. doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.54.1.799. PMID 11018145. Young, R.; Bläsi, U. (1995). "Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis". FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 17 (1–2): 191–205. doi:10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00202.x. PMID 7669346.

References

As of this edit, this article uses content from "1.E.42 The Putative Holin-like Toxin (Hol-Tox) Family", which is licensed in a way that permits reuse under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, but not under the GFDL. All relevant terms must be followed.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Hol-Tox family

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Hol-Tox family claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Hol-Tox family before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Hol-Tox family ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Hol-Tox family

In research: Hol-Tox family appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Hol-Tox family in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Hol-Tox family is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Holins, Integral membrane proteins, Membrane proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Hol-Tox family outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Hol-Tox family in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Hol-Tox family means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Hol-Tox family out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Hol-Tox family in simple terms?

The putative holin-like toxin (Hol-Tox) family (TC# 1.E.42) consists of many small proteins, between 34 and 48 amino acyl residues (aas) with a single transmembrane segment (TMSs). Rajesh et al.

Why does Hol-Tox family matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Hol-Tox family?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Hol-Tox family.