astronomy

Hong Chaosheng

Hong Chaosheng is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Hong Chaosheng rather than just read about it. In short: Hong Chaosheng (Chinese: 洪朝生; pinyin: Hóng Cháoshēng; Wade–Giles: Hung Ch'ao-sheng; 10 October 1920 – 19 August 2018) was a Chinese physicist best known for studying cryogenics. Hong was the teacher of Zhao Zhongxian, a laureate of Highest Science and Technology Award, the highest scientific award issued by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to scientists working in China.

Key takeaways

Hong Chaosheng belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Hong Chaosheng to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Hong Chaosheng from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Hong Chaosheng (Chinese: 洪朝生; pinyin: Hóng Cháoshēng; Wade–Giles: Hung Ch'ao-sheng; 10 October 1920 – 19 August 2018) was a Chinese physicist best known for studying cryogenics. Hong was the teacher of Zhao Zhongxian, a laureate of Highest Science and Technology Award, the highest scientific award issued by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to scientists working in China. He was a delegate to the 3rd National People's Congress. He was a member of the 5th, 6th, 7th and 8th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

Biography Hong was born in Beijing on October 10, 1920, to Hong Guantao (Chinese: 洪观涛), a railway engineer and member of Tongmenghui, and Gao Junyuan (Chinese: 高君远), daughter of publisher Gao Mengdan (Chinese: 高梦旦). He had two elder sisters, Hong Jing (Chinese: 洪晶) and Hong Ying (Chinese: 洪盈). He primarily studied at the Yuying School (Chinese: 育英学校) and secondary studied at Huiwen High School (Chinese: 汇文学校), both were missionary schools. After high school, he studied at Tsinghua University, and then taught at National Southwestern Associated University. He arrived in the United States in 1945 at the age of 25 to begin his education at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. After university, he worked at Purdue University. In 1950 he went to Netherlands to work at Leiden University. He returned to China in 1952 and that year became professor of Department of Physics at Tsinghua University, Peking University and the University of Science and Technology of China. He joined the Jiusan Society. In 1953, he became a researcher at the Institute of Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, where he was deputy director in 1978. He was accepted as an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980. In September 2005, he was hired as a part-time professor at the Graduate College of Chinese Academy of Sciences. On August 19, 2018, he died of illness at Beijing, aged 98.

Personal life Hong married Li Ying (Chinese: 李滢).

Papers Hung, C. S.; Gliessman, J. R. (1950-08-15). "The Resistivity and Hall Effect of Germanium at Low Temperatures". Physical Review. 79 (4): 726–727. Bibcode:1950PhRv...79..726H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.79.726. ISSN 0031-899X. Hung, C. S. (1950-08-15). "Theory of Resistivity and Hall Effect at Very Low Temperatures". Physical Review. 79 (4): 727–728. Bibcode:1950PhRv...79..727H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.79.727. ISSN 0031-899X. Hung, C. S.; Johnson, V. A. (1950-08-01). "Resistivity of Semiconductors Containing Both Acceptors and Donors". Physical Review. 79 (3): 535–536. Bibcode:1950PhRv...79..535H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.79.535. ISSN 0031-899X. Hung, C. S. (1950-01-01). "Thermionic Emission from Oxide Cathodes: Retarding and Accelerating Fields". Journal of Applied Physics. 21 (1): 37–44. Bibcode:1950JAP....21...37H. doi:10.1063/1.1699417. hdl:1721.1/4920. ISSN 0021-8979. Baum, R. M.; Hung, C. S. (1952-10-01). "Activation Energy of Heat Treatment Introduced Lattice Defects in Germanium". Physical Review. 88 (1): 134–135. Bibcode:1952PhRv...88..134B. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.88.134.2. ISSN 0031-899X. Hung, C.S.; Hunt, B.; Winkel, P. (1952). "Transport phenomena of liouid helium II in narrow slits". Physica. 18 (8–9): 629–645. Bibcode:1952Phy....18..629H. doi:10.1016/S0031-8914(52)80062-X. Hung, C. S.; Gliessman, J. R. (1954-12-01). "Resistivity and Hall Effect of Germanium at Low Temperatures". Physical Review. 96 (5): 1226–1236. Bibcode:1954PhRv...96.1226H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.96.1226. ISSN 0031-899X. Li, L.-F.; Hong, C.-S.; Li, Y.-Y.; Zhang, Z. (1996). "Martensitic transformation in ZrO2-based ceramics at cryogenic temperatures". Cryogenics. 36 (1): 7–11. Bibcode:1996Cryo...36....7L. doi:10.1016/0011-2275(96)80762-4.

Awards 1989 Hu Gangfu Physical Award of Chinese Physical Society 2000 International Cryogenic Engineering Council Mendelsohn Prize 2011 Samuel Corinth Prize

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Hong Chaosheng

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Hong Chaosheng claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Hong Chaosheng before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Hong Chaosheng ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Hong Chaosheng

In research: Hong Chaosheng appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Hong Chaosheng in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Hong Chaosheng is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1920 births, 2018 deaths, 20th-century Chinese science writers, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Hong Chaosheng outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Hong Chaosheng in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Hong Chaosheng means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Hong Chaosheng out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Hong Chaosheng in simple terms?

Why does Hong Chaosheng matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Hong Chaosheng?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Hong Chaosheng.