engineering

Htupayon Pagoda

Htupayon Pagoda is a engineering topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Htupayon Pagoda rather than just read about it. In short: The Htupayon Pagoda (Burmese: ထူပါရုံ ဘုရား, pronounced [tʰù bà jòʊ̯ɴ pʰəjá]) is a Buddhist stupa located in Sagaing, Myanmar. The pagoda has experienced several earthquakes since its foundation in 1444, and undergone at least three major reconstructions.

Key takeaways

Htupayon Pagoda belongs to engineering; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Htupayon Pagoda to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Htupayon Pagoda from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

The Htupayon Pagoda (Burmese: ထူပါရုံ ဘုရား, pronounced [tʰù bà jòʊ̯ɴ pʰəjá]) is a Buddhist stupa located in Sagaing, Myanmar. The pagoda has experienced several earthquakes since its foundation in 1444, and undergone at least three major reconstructions. The current structure was completed in 2016.

Foundation Located near the Yadanabon Bridge in Sagaing, the Htupayon pagoda was founded by King Narapati I of Ava (r. 1442–1468) in 1444. Construction of the pagoda began on 23 October 1444, during the Chinese invasions of the kingdom (present-day Upper Myanmar). The initial phase of construction was completed about a year later in late 1445 or early 1446 when the king held a ceremony commemorating the occasion at the pagoda. The ceremony was attended by the diplomats and royals from the neighboring countries, including the Chinese officials with whom he had just signed a truce, as well as those from Lan Na, Onbaung, Hanthawaddy Pegu and (unnamed) Indian states. Work on the pagoda continued for another nine years. Its relic chamber was filled and dedicated by the king in 1447/48 (809 ME); its hti (crowning umbrella) was raised only in 1454/55 (816 ME). According to an undated inscription found at the pagoda, its height was 49 metres (161 ft).

Earthquakes and reconstructions The pagoda, located on the Sagaing Fault, has experienced repeated earthquakes: in 1501/02 (863 ME), 1512/13 (874 ME), 1590/91 (952 ME), 1648/49 (1010 ME), 1781/82 (1143 ME), 1839 (1201 ME), and 2012 (1374 ME). The 1839 Ava earthquake severely damaged the pagoda, leaving only the 30 m (98 ft) high base intact. The 11 November 2012 earthquake left the pagoda with 15 major cracks that threatened total collapse. The pagoda has undergone at least three major reconstructions. The first was in 1605/06 (967 ME). The second reconstruction project, in response to the 1839 earthquake damages, was launched in 1851/52 (1213 ME) but was cut short as its sponsor King Pagan Min (r. 1846–1853) became ensnarled in, and lost the Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852–1853), and subsequently abdicated the throne in 1853. The pagoda was eventually topped off with a small, disproportionate dome. The third came after the 2012 earthquake. The reconstruction committee, led by Ven. Sitagu Sayadaw, rebuilt the pagoda with a slightly enlarged form of an older (original?) profile of the pagoda, as described in an undated inscription found at the pagoda but with a wider base (additional 90 cm on each side) and a taller height (additional 10m). The small stupas that before ringed the base of the pagoda were moved to make room for the change. The pagoda's relic chamber was modeled after the Thuparamaya pagoda in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. The newly reconstructed pagoda was consecrated on 16 March 2016. The new height of the pagoda is 61.5 metres (202 ft).

See also List of tallest structures built before the 20th century

Notes

References

Bibliography Insight Guides (2018). Insight Guides Myanmar (11 ed.). Apa Publications (UK) Limited. ISBN 9781789192919. Liew, Foon Ming (1996). "The Luchuan-Pingmian Campaigns (1436–1449) in the Light of Official Chinese Historiography". Oriens Extremus. 39 (2). Harrassowitz Verlag: 162–203. JSTOR 24047471. Myanmar News Agency (2016-03-16). "Holy symbols hoisted atop Sagaing Htupayon Pagoda". Global New Light of Myanmar. Archived from the original on July 3, 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-26. Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. Moore, Elizabeth H.; Win Maung (Tampawaddy) (June 2016). "The Social Dynamics of Pagoda Repair in Upper Myanmar". Journal of Burma Studies. 20 (1). NUS Press: 149–198. doi:10.1353/jbs.2016.0006. S2CID 148063193. Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Htupayon Pagoda

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Htupayon Pagoda claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In engineering, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Htupayon Pagoda before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Htupayon Pagoda ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Htupayon Pagoda

In research: Htupayon Pagoda appears in engineering research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Htupayon Pagoda in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Htupayon Pagoda is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1444 establishments in Asia, 15th-century Buddhist temples in Myanmar, Buildings and structures completed in 1455, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Htupayon Pagoda outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Htupayon Pagoda in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Htupayon Pagoda means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Htupayon Pagoda out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Htupayon Pagoda in simple terms?

Why does Htupayon Pagoda matter?

Because it connects several engineering ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Htupayon Pagoda?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Htupayon Pagoda.