In network science, a hub is a node with a number of links that greatly exceeds the average. Emergence of hubs is a consequence of a scale-free property of networks. While hubs cannot be observed in a random network, they are expected to emerge in scale-free networks. The uprise of hubs in scale-free networks is associated with power-law distribution. Hubs have a significant impact on the network topology. Hubs can be found in many real networks, such as the brain or the Internet.
A hub is a component of a network with a high-degree node. Hubs have a significantly larger number of links in comparison with other nodes in the network. The number of links (degrees) for a hub in a scale-free network is much higher than for the biggest node in a random network, keeping the size N of the network and average degree <k> constant. The existence of hubs is the biggest difference between random networks and scale-free networks. In random networks, the degree k is comparable for every node; it is therefore not possible for hubs to emerge. In scale-free networks, a few nodes (hubs) have a high degree k while the other nodes have a small number of links.
Emergence
Emergence of hubs can be explained by the difference between scale-free networks and random networks. Scale-free networks (Barabási–Albert model) are different from random networks (Erdős–Rényi model) in two aspects: (a) growth, (b) preferential attachment.
(a) Scale-free networks assume a continuous growth of the number of nodes N, compared to random networks which assume a fixed number of nodes. In scale-free networks the degree of the largest hub rises polynomially with the size of the network. Therefore, the degree of a hub can be high in a scale-free network. In random networks the degree of the largest node rises logarithmically (or slower) with N, thus the hub number will be small even in a very large network. (b) A new node in a scale-free network has a tendency to link to a node with a higher degree, compared to a new node in a random network which links itself to a random node. This process is called preferential attachment. The tendency of a new node to link to a node with a high degree k is characterized by power-law distribution (also known as rich-gets-richer process). This idea was introduced by Vilfredo Pareto and it explained why a small percentage of the population earns most of the money. This process is present in networks as well, for example 80 percent of web links point to 15 percent of webpages. The emergence of scale-free networks is not typical only of networks created by human action, but also of such networks as metabolic networks or illness networks. This phenomenon may be explained by the example of hubs on the World Wide Web such as Facebook or Google. These webpages are very well known and therefore the tendency of other webpages pointing to them is much higher than linking to random small webpages. The mathematical explanation for Barabási–Albert model:
The network begins with an initial connected network of m 0 {\displaystyle m_{0}} nodes. New nodes are added to the network one at a time. Each new node is connected to m ≤ m 0 {\displaystyle m\leq m_{0}} existing nodes with a probability that is proportional to the number of links that the existing nodes already have. Formally, the probability p i {\displaystyle p_{i}} that the new node is connected to node i {\displaystyle i} is
p i = k i ∑ j k j , {\displaystyle p_{i}={\frac {k_{i}}{\sum _{j}k_{j}}},}
where k i {\displaystyle k_{i}} is the degree of the node i {\displaystyle i} and the sum is taken over all pre-existing nodes j {\displaystyle j} (i.e. the denominator results in twice the current number of edges in the network). Emergence of hubs in networks is also related to time. In scale-free networks, nodes which emerged earlier have a higher chance of becoming a hub than latecomers. This phenomenon is called first-mover advantage and it explains why some nodes become hubs and some do not. However, in a real network, the time of emergence is not the only factor that influences the size of the hub. For example, Facebook emerged 8 years later after Google became the largest hub on the World Wide Web and yet in 2011 Facebook became the largest hub of WWW. Therefore, in real networks the growth and the size of a hub depends also on various attributes such as popularity, quality or the aging of a node.
Attributes There are several attributes of Hubs in a Scale-Free Network
Shortening the path lengths in a network The more observable hubs are in a network, the more they shrink distances between nodes. In a scale-free network, hubs serve as bridges between the small degree nodes. Since the distance of two random nodes in a scale-free network is small, we refer to scale-free networks as "small" or "ultra small". While the difference between path distance in a very small network may not be noticeable, the difference in the path distance between a large random network and a scale-free network is remarkable. Average path length in scale-free networks:
ℓ ∼ ln N ln ln N . {\displaystyle \ell \sim {\frac {\ln N}{\ln \ln N}}.}
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