biology

Hugo Zukal

Hugo Zukal is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Hugo Zukal rather than just read about it. In short: Hugo Zukal (1845–1900) was an Austrian lichenologist and mycologist. Born in Troppau (now Opava in the Czech Republic), he graduated from high school there in 1859, and was afterwards employed as a botanist until 1864.

Key takeaways

Hugo Zukal belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Hugo Zukal to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Hugo Zukal from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Hugo Zukal (1845–1900) was an Austrian lichenologist and mycologist. Born in Troppau (now Opava in the Czech Republic), he graduated from high school there in 1859, and was afterwards employed as a botanist until 1864. From 1864 until 1872, he served in the Kaiserlich-Königlich army. After this, he attended the teacher training college in Trautenau (now Trutnov), and became a teacher in Freudental and Vienna. He has been credited for having introduced the term pallisade hyphae in an 1895 publication to refer to a microscopic arrangement of fungal tissue characteristic of the cortex in the lichen genus Roccella. In 1898 he became a professor of phytopathology at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna. He died in Vienna in 1900. Several taxa have been named to honour Zukal. These include the genera Zukalia Sacc. (1891), Zukalina Kuntze (1891), and the species Ascophanus zukalii Rehm (1896), Cryptocoryne zukalii Rataj (1974), Gloeopeziza zukalii Rehm (1896), Humaria zukalii Rehm (1888), Leucoloma zukalii Rehm (1886), Penicillium zukalii Biourge (1923), and Thelebolus zukalii Heimerl (1889).

Selected publications Zukal, Hugo (1883). "Eine neue Flechte: Ephebe kerneri". Österreichische botanische Zeitschrift (in German). 33 (7): 209–210. Bibcode:1883PSyEv..33..209Z. doi:10.1007/BF01638356. Zukal, H. (1891). "Eine neue, niedrig organisierte Flechte, Epigloea bactrospora". Botanisches Centralblatt (in German). 41: 83. Zukal, H. (1896). "Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen über die Flechten. II". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe Klasse. 105: 1303–1395. Zukal, H. (1896). "Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen über die Flechten. III". Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe Klasse. 105.

See also Category:Taxa named by Hugo Zukal

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Hugo Zukal

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Hugo Zukal claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Hugo Zukal before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Hugo Zukal ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Hugo Zukal

In research: Hugo Zukal appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Hugo Zukal in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Hugo Zukal is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1845 births, 1900 deaths, Austrian biologist stubs, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Hugo Zukal outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Hugo Zukal in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Hugo Zukal means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Hugo Zukal out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Hugo Zukal in simple terms?

Why does Hugo Zukal matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Hugo Zukal?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Hugo Zukal.