People interact with fish in multiple ways, whether practically, in folklore and religion, or in art. They have economic importance in the fishing industry and fish farming; these industries provide some people with an income, and the general population with fish as food. Other practical uses of fish include recreational fishing and their use in biological research. Fish play symbolic roles in religion, mythology, folklore, and fairy tale, where stories about fish have been told in cultures around the world for thousands of years. Fish have similarly been depicted in art, literature, film, and music in many cultures. Academic study of fish in culture is called ethnoichthyology. Both academically and in practice, all these aspects of fish in people's lives are interrelated.
Scope Fish provide people with food and recreation, support a wide range of industrial processes, and contribute to human society in many ways such as through health care, jewellery, tools, weapons, items of clothing, and musical instruments. These many uses contribute to people's nutritional and economic security and to social cohesion. In addition, fish contribute important advantages to ecosystems, not least serving as "canaries" indicating the presence of ecological threats, and support sustainable forms of aquaculture. Among traditional peoples, fish both contribute an important part of the diet and economy, and figure in rituals and beliefs. Fishing for food can influence aspects of practical culture including clothing, food culture, and architecture; spiritual aspects including customs, art, faith, and cultural attitudes; and social elements including a people's social system, norms, and the structure of society. There is a two-way interplay between human attitudes, beliefs, and symbols concerning fish, such as in Christianity, and people's practical use of and dependency on fish: "Fish not only guarantee the necessities of human life as food for the world, but they also establish human and fish relationships that link social, cultural, traditional, and religious life to every human being."
Practical uses
For food
Throughout history, humans have utilized fish as a food source. Historically, most fish protein has come by means of catching wild fish. However, fish farming, which has been practiced since about 3,500 BC in China, is becoming increasingly important in many nations, and by 2016, more than 50% of the seafood brought to market was produced by aquaculture (of fish and shellfish). Overall, about one-sixth of the world's protein is estimated to be provided by fish. Fisheries provide income for millions of people.
For materials
Fish have been used to provide a wide range of materials other than food, both by indigenous peoples and in modern industrial production. Peoples of the Arctic such as the Nivkh people of Northern Russia have used fish skins to make clothing. Fish bones have been used to bioremediate heavy metals such as lead from contaminated soil. In Tasmania, indigenous people used fishbones as tools to pierce holes in shells, to allow these to be strung and worn as jewellery.
In recreation
Fish have been recognized as a source of beauty for almost as long as used for food, appearing in cave art, being raised as ornamental fish in ponds, and displayed in aquariums in homes, offices, or public settings. Some smaller and more colourful species, and sometimes painted fish, serve as ornamental fish in ponds and aquariums, and as pets. Angling is fishing for pleasure or competition, with a rod, reel, line, hooks and bait. It has been practised for centuries, providing pleasure and employment.
In science
Medaka and zebrafish are used as research models for studies in genetics and developmental biology. The zebrafish is the most commonly used laboratory vertebrate, offering the advantages of similar genetics to mammals, small size, simple environmental needs, transparent larvae permitting non-invasive imaging, plentiful offspring, rapid growth, and the ability to absorb mutagens added to their water.
Religion and folklore
… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.






