Hydrogen technologies

Key takeaways

Hydrogen technologies belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Hydrogen technologies to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Hydrogen technologies from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses. Some hydrogen technologies are carbon neutral and could have a role in preventing climate change and a possible future hydrogen economy. Hydrogen is a chemical widely used in various applications including ammonia production, oil refining and energy. The most common methods for producing hydrogen on an industrial scale are: Steam reforming, oil reforming, coal gasification, water electrolysis. Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, because it is not naturally occurring as a fuel. It is, however, widely regarded as an ideal energy storage medium, due to the ease with which electricity can convert water into hydrogen and oxygen through electrolysis and can be converted back to electrical power using a fuel cell or hydrogen turbine. There are a wide number of different types of fuel and electrolysis cells. The potential environmental impact depends primarily on the methods used to generate hydrogen as a fuel.

Fuel cells

Alkaline fuel cell (AFC) Direct borohydride fuel cell (DBFC) Direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC) Direct ethanol fuel cell (DEFC) Direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) Electro-galvanic fuel cell (EGFC) Flow battery (RFC) Formic acid fuel cell (FAFC) Metal hydride fuel cell (MHFC) Microbial fuel cell (MFC) Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) Photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) Proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) Protonic ceramic fuel cell (PCFC) Regenerative fuel cell (RFC) Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)

Hydrogen infrastructure

Hydrogen plant (Steam reformer) Hydrogen pipeline transport Hydrogen pressure letdown station Compressed hydrogen tube trailer Liquid hydrogen tank truck Hydrogen piping Hydrogen station HCNG Homefueler Home Energy Station Hydrogen highway Zero Regio Hydrogen compressor Electrochemical hydrogen compressor Guided rotor compressor Hydride compressor Ionic liquid piston compressor Linear compressor Hydrogen turboexpander-generator Hydrogen leak testing Hydrogen sensor Hydrogen purifier Hydrogen analyzer Hydrogen valve

Hydrogen storage

Compressed hydrogen Cryo-adsorption Liquid hydrogen Slush hydrogen Underground hydrogen storage Hydrogen tank Power to gas

Hydrogen vehicles

Historic hydrogen filled airships Hindenburg (airship) Zeppelin

Hydrogen powered cars

Audi:

2004 – Audi A2H2-hybrid vehicle 2009 – Audi Q5-FCEV BMW:

2002 – BMW 750hl 2010 – BMW 1 Series Fuel-cell hybrid electric Chrysler:

2000 – Jeep Commander II-hybrid vehicle-Commercial 2001 – Chrysler Natrium-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Jeep Treo-Fuel cell Daimler:

1994 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 1 1996 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 2 1997 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 3 1999 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 4 2000 – Mercedes-Benz NECAR 5 2002 – Mercedes-Benz F-Cell based on the Mercedes-Benz A-Class 2005 – Mercedes-Benz F600 Hygenius 2009 – Mercedes-Benz F-CELL Roadster 2009 – Mercedes-Benz F-Cell based on the Mercedes-Benz B-Class Fiat:

2001 – Fiat Seicento Elettra H2 Fuel Cell-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Fiat Seicento Hydrogen-hybrid vehicle 2005 – Fiat Panda Hydrogen-Fuel cell 2008 – Fiat Phyllis-Fuel cell 2008 – Fiat Panda-Fiat Panda HyTRAN Ford:

2000 – Ford Focus FCV-Fuel cell. Note however that Ford Motor Company has dropped its plans to develop hydrogen cars, stating that "The next major step in Ford’s plan is to increase over time the volume of electrified vehicles". 2006 – F-250 Super Chief a Tri-Flex engine concept pickup. Forze Hydrogen-Electric Racing Team Delft

2016 – Forze-Fuel cell General Motors:

1966 – GM Electrovan-Fuel cell 2001 – HydroGen3-Fuel cell 2002 – GM HyWire-Fuel cell 2005 – GM Sequel-hybrid vehicle 2006 – Chevrolet Equinox Fuel Cell 2007 – HydroGen4 Honda:

2002 – Honda FCX – hybrid vehicle 2007 – Honda FCX Clarity – Hydrogen fuel cell – Production model Hyundai:

2001 – Hyundai Santa Fe FCEV 2010 – Hyundai ix35 FCEV Lotus Engineering:

2010 – Black Cab-Fuel cell Kia:

2009 – Kia Borrego FCEV-Fuel cell Mazda:

1991 – Mazda HR-X Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1993 – Mazda HR-X2 Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1993 – Mazda MX-5 Miata Hydrogen Wankel Rotary. 1995 – Mazda Capella Cargo, first public street test of the hydrogen Wankel Rotary engine. 1997 – Mazda Demio FC-EV Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell 2001 – Mazda Premacy FC-EV – First public street test of the Methanol-Reducing Fuel Cell vehicle in Japan 2003 – Mazda RX-8 Hydrogen RE Hydrogen \ Gasoline hybrid Wankel Rotary. 2007 – Mazda Premacy Hydrogen RE Hybrid 2009 – Mazda 5 Hydrogen RE Hybrid Mitsubishi:

2004 – Mitsubishi FCV Morgan:

2005 – Morgan LIFEcar-hybrid vehicle-concept car Nissan:

2002 – Nissan X-Trail FCHV-hybrid vehicle. Note, however that in 2009, Nissan announced that it is cancelling its hydrogen car R&D efforts. Peugeot:

2004 – Peugeot Quark 2006 – Peugeot 207 Epure 2008 – H2Origin-Fuel cell Renault:

Scenic ZEV H2 is a hydro-electric MPV co-developed by Nissan. Riversimple:

2009 – Riversimple Urban Car Ronn Motor Company:

2008 – Ronn Motor Scorpion Toyota:

2002 – Toyota FCHV-hybrid vehicle 2003 – Toyota Fine-S-concept car 2003 – Toyota Fine-N-concept car 2005 – Toyota Fine-T-concept car 2005 – Toyota Fine-X-concept car 2008 – Toyota FCHV-adv-preproduction vehicle (expected public release 2015) Volkswagen:

2000 – VW Bora Hy-motion-Fuel cell 2002 – VW Bora Hy-power-Fuel cell 2004 – VW Touran Hy-motion-Fuel cell 2007 – VW space up! blue

Hydrogen-powered planes Hyfish Smartfish Tupolev Tu-155-hydrogen-powered version of Tu-154 Antares DLR-H2 -The first aircraft capable of performing a complete flight on fuel-cell power only Possible future aircraft using precooled jet engines include Reaction Engines Skylon and the Reaction Engines A2.

Hydrogen powered rockets The following rockets were/are partially or completely propelled by hydrogen fuel:

Saturn V (upper stage) Space Shuttle Ariane 5 Delta IV Atlas V (Centaur upper stage) CE-20 (cryogenic rocket engine for upper stage of GSLV-III)

Related technologies

Environmental Anaerobic digestion Dark fermentation Photofermentation Syngas

Nuclear Generation IV reactor Hydrogen bomb

Organic chemistry Dehydrogenation Hydrogenation Hydrogenolysis

… excerpt ends here. Continue reading the full article.

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Hydrogen technologies

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Hydrogen technologies claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Hydrogen technologies before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Hydrogen technologies ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Hydrogen technologies

In research: Hydrogen technologies appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Hydrogen technologies in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Hydrogen technologies is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Hydrogen economy, Hydrogen technologies, Hydrogenation, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Hydrogen technologies outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Hydrogen technologies in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Hydrogen technologies means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Hydrogen technologies out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Hydrogen technologies in simple terms?

Hydrogen technologies are technologies that relate to the production and use of hydrogen as a part hydrogen economy. Hydrogen technologies are applicable for many uses.

Why does Hydrogen technologies matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Hydrogen technologies?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Hydrogen technologies.