astronomy

IC 3528

IC 3528 is a astronomy topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand IC 3528 rather than just read about it. In short: IC 3528 is spiral galaxy located 660 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. It lies near to another spiral galaxy NGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far.

Key takeaways

IC 3528 belongs to astronomy; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect IC 3528 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of IC 3528 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

IC 3528 is spiral galaxy located 660 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. It lies near to another spiral galaxy NGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far. The object was discovered by Royal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904. Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue as VCC 1593, it is not a member of the Virgo cluster but a background galaxy.

Physical characteristics IC 3528 is classified a narrow-line Seyfert 1.5 type galaxy. Containing X-ray emission, the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflow kinematics in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature. In addition, IC 4528 contains broad emission lines with widths measuring Hβ FWHM ≤ 2000 km s−1 and is a type-1 active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, with barred morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescent evolutionary history that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamical perturbations.

Starburst activity IC 3528 has an estimated star formation rate of ≳6 M☉ yr−1 It is a dusty starburst galaxy exhibiting a strong Hδ line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected by reddening. Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on the Hα line, they found the values obtained from these optical emission lines in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr−1).

Metallicity IC 3528 has a low gas fraction and higher oxygen abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy and metal-rich, which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed average metallicity by ~0.1 dex.

Supernova SN 2001Z, a Type II supernova was discovered in IC 3528 by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = 12h 34m 55.87s, Decl. = +15° 34′ 07.5″ (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus. SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with the Baade telescope. They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrow H-alpha and H-beta emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of the emission lines is z = 0.045.

Black hole Initially having an estimated range of 105.1 to 1010.3 M☉ with an Eddington ratio varying from −3.3 to 1.3 in logarithmic scale, IC 3528 has a low-mass black hole (BH) of BH masses MBH ~106 to 108 M☉, powered by accretion matter. Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be (7.3±2.7)×108 M☉ and 1.4×1010 M☉ respectively, which the mass upper limit of the BH decreases by two orders of magnitude below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of 0.58±0.09 dex, 0.69 dex, and 0.65±0.09 dex.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with IC 3528

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what IC 3528 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In astronomy, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to IC 3528 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about IC 3528 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of IC 3528

In research: IC 3528 appears in astronomy research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses IC 3528 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: IC 3528 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Astronomical objects discovered in 1904, Coma Berenices, Discoveries by Royal Harwood Frost, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for IC 3528 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study IC 3528 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what IC 3528 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain IC 3528 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is IC 3528 in simple terms?

IC 3528 is spiral galaxy located 660 million light-years away in the constellation of Coma Berenices. It lies near to another spiral galaxy NGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far.

Why does IC 3528 matter?

Because it connects several astronomy ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study IC 3528?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on IC 3528.