science

ISO 11784 and ISO 11785

ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 rather than just read about it. In short: ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 are international standards that regulate the radio-frequency identification (RFID) of animals, which is usually accomplished by implanting, introducing or attaching a transponder containing a microchip to an animal. RF identification of animals requires that the bits transmitted by a transponder are interpretable by a transceiver.

Key takeaways

ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 are international standards that regulate the radio-frequency identification (RFID) of animals, which is usually accomplished by implanting, introducing or attaching a transponder containing a microchip to an animal. RF identification of animals requires that the bits transmitted by a transponder are interpretable by a transceiver. Usually, the bit stream contains data bits, defining the identification code and a number of bits to ensure correct reception of the data bits. ISO 11784 specifies the structure of the identification code. ISO 11785 specifies how a transponder is activated and how the stored information is transferred to a transceiver (the characteristics of the transmission protocols between transponder and transceiver) These standards are updated and expanded in ISO 14223 which regulates "advanced" transponders for animals, and ISO 24631 which regulates testing procedures for conformance with ISO 11784 & 11785 as well as performance.

Introduction The technical concept of animal identification described is based on the principle of radio-frequency identification (RFID). ISO 11785 is applicable in connection with ISO 11784 which describes the structure and the information content of the codes stored in the transponder. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) draws attention to the fact that compliance with clause 6 and Annex A of this International Standard may involve the use of patents concerning methods of transmission.

Specifications

RF protocol The carrier frequency for animal identification is 134.2 kHz. There are two ISO approved protocols in use to communicate between tag and reader:

FDX-A which uses the 125kHz frequency and a 10 bit code is not ISO compliant. In DBP a 1 is encoded as 00 or 11 and a 0 is encoded as 01 or 10, such that there is at least one transition per bit (so 11 is encoded as 0011 and not as 0000 or 1111)

Code structure ISO 11784:1996 Radio-frequency identification of animals - Code structure The first three digits of the ID are the manufacturer code.

HDX With half-duplex, the tag must store sufficient energy when the receiver's activating field is turned on to allow it to transmit when the activating field is switched off. This makes the receiver simpler, as it is not necessary to pick up the weak signal from the tag among the strong activating field. The disadvantage is that the HDX tag can not transmit when the activating field is turned on. Telegram layout:

8 Startbits 01111110, 1 Animal – No animal indicator, 14 'Reserved for future use' bits, 1 Extra data indicator bit, 10 Country code according to ISO 3166, 38 ID bits, 16 CCITT CRC over the previous 64 bits, 24 Application bits

FDX With full duplex, the tag can transmit immediately when in the presence of the receiver's activating field. The advantage is that the FDX tag can then transmit continuously and can therefore be read more quickly and more often. Telegram layout:

11 Startbits 00000000001, 38 ID bits 10 Country code according to ISO 3166, 1 Extra application bits, 14 Reserved bits, 1 Animal bit, 16 CCITT CRC over the previous bits 24 Application bits In FDX (at least), after the 11 startbits, a framing bit ('1') is sent after every 8 data bits.

Patents Compliance with the standards may require use of techniques which are covered by (or claimed to be covered by) certain patents. ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity and scope of these patent rights. Some patent holder has assured ISO that they will not exert their patent rights concerning FDX B technology. Other patent holders have assured ISO that they are willing to negotiate licenses under reasonable and non-discriminatory terms and conditions with applicants through the world. In this respect, the statement of the holders of these patent rights are registered with ISO. Attention is moreover drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights other than those identified above. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. In that connection, additional correspondences were received from two other companies not willing to forward pertinent declaration in accordance with the current ISO Directives.

See also Microchip implant (animal) Microchip implant (human) Radio-frequency identification

References

European Union uses ISO 11784 / 11785 for mandatory identification of animals Description of FDX-B at Priority One Design

External links A1 ID Systems: Manufacturer of microchip identification for animals. (Certified manufacturer ISO 11784 / 11785 ) ISO 11784:1996 at ISO web site ISO 11785:1996 at ISO web site Discussion of the 5 types of microchip transponders described in ISO 11785 RFIDIOt.org - Open Source Tools for reading and manipulating RFID tags including ISO11784/5 compliant devices RFIDler - An Open Source hardware RFID Reader/Writer/Emulator including ISO11784/5 compliant devices

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with ISO 11784 and ISO 11785

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of ISO 11784 and ISO 11785

In research: ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Radio-frequency identification, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Ask Teacher Smith questions about this articleOpens your AI tutor with a question about “ISO 11784 and ISO 11785” →

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 in simple terms?

Why does ISO 11784 and ISO 11785 matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study ISO 11784 and ISO 11785?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on ISO 11784 and ISO 11785.