Indigenous architecture refers to the study and practice of architecture of, for, and by Indigenous peoples. This field of study and practice in Australia, Canada, the circumpolar regions, New Zealand, the United States, and many other regions where Indigenous people have a built tradition or aspire translate or to have their cultures translated in the built environment. This has been extended to landscape architecture, planning, placemaking, public art, urban design, and other ways of contributing to the design of built environments. The term usually designates culture-specific architecture: it covers both the vernacular architecture and contemporary or new traditional architecture inspired by the enculture, even when the latter includes features brought from outside.
Australia The traditional or vernacular architecture of Indigenous Australians, including Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, varied to meet the lifestyle, social organisation, family size, cultural and climatic needs and resources available to each community.
The types of forms varied from dome frameworks made of cane through spinifex-clad arc-shaped structures, to tripod and triangular shelters and elongated, egg-shaped, stone-based structures with a timber frame to pole and platform constructions. Annual base camp structures, whether dome houses in the rainforests of Queensland and Tasmania or stone-based houses in south-eastern Australia, were often designed for use over many years by the same family groups. Different language groups had differing names for structures. These included humpy, gunyah (or gunya), goondie, wiltja and wurley (or wurlie). Until the 20th century, many non-Indigenous people assumed that Indigenous Australian peoples lacked permanent buildings, likely because Europeans misinterpreted Indigenous lifeways ways during early contact. Labelling Indigenous Australian communities as 'nomadic' allowed early settlers to justify the takeover of Traditional Lands claiming that they were not inhabited by permanent residents. Stone engineering was utilised by a number of Indigenous language groups. Examples of Indigenous Australian stone structures come from Western Victoria's Gunditjmara peoples. These builders utilised basalt rocks around Lake Condah to erect housing and complicated systems of stone weirs, fish, and eel traps, and gates in water-course creeks. The lava-stone homes had circular stone walls over a metre high and topped with a dome roof made of earth or sod cladding. Evidence of sophisticated stone engineering has been found in other parts of Australia. As late as 1894, a group of around 500 people still lived in houses near Bessibelle that were constructed out of stone with sod cladding on a timber-framed dome. Nineteenth-century observers also reported flat slab slate-type stone housing in South Australia's northeast corner. These dome-shaped homes were built on heavy limbs and used clay to fill in the gaps. In New South Wales' Warringah area, stone shelters were constructed in an elongated egg shape and packed with clay to keep the interior dry.
Australian Indigenous housing design Housing for Indigenous people living in many parts of Australia has been characterised by an acute shortage of dwellings, poor quality construction, and housing stock ill-suited to Indigenous lifestyles and preferences. Rapid population growth, shorter lifetimes for housing stock, and rising construction costs have meant that efforts to limit overcrowding and provide healthy living environments for Indigenous people have been difficult for governments to achieve. Indigenous housing design and research is a specialised field within housing studies. There have been two main approaches to the design of Indigenous housing in Australia – Health and Culture. The cultural design model attempts to incorporate understandings of differences in Indigenous Australian cultural norms into housing design. There is a large body of knowledge on Indigenous housing in Australia that promotes the provision and design of housing that supports Indigenous residents' socio-spatial needs, domiciliary behaviours, cultural values and aspirations. The culturally specific needs for Indigenous housing have been identified as major factors in the success of housing and failing to recognise the varying and diverse cultural housing needs of Indigenous peoples have been cited as the reasons for Indigenous Australian housing failures by Western academics for decades. Western-style housing imposes conditions on Indigenous residents that may hinder the practice of cultural norms. If adjusting to living in a particular house strains relationships, then severe stress on the occupants may result. Ross noted, "Inappropriate housing and town planning have the capacity to disrupt the social organisation, the mechanisms for maintaining smooth social relations, and support networks." A range of cultural factors are discussed in the literature. These include designing housing to accommodate aspects of customer behaviour such as avoidance behaviours, household group structures, sleeping and eating behaviours, cultural constructs of crowding and privacy, and responses to death. The literature indicates that each housing design should be approached independently to recognise the many Indigenous cultures with varying customs and practices that exist across Australia. The health approach to housing design developed as housing is an important factor affecting the health of Indigenous Australians. Substandard and poorly maintained housing along with non-functioning infrastructure can create serious health risks. The 'Housing for Health' approach developed from observations of the housing factors affecting Indigenous Australian peoples' health into a methodology for measuring, rating, and fixing 'household hardware' deemed essential for health. The approach is based on nine 'healthy housing principles' which are the:
ability to wash people (especially children), ability to wash clothes and bedding, removing waste, improving nutrition and food safety, reducing impact of crowding, reducing impact of pests or vermin controlling dust, temperature control, and reducing injury.
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