science

Ingrid Kretschmer

Ingrid Kretschmer is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Ingrid Kretschmer rather than just read about it. In short: Ingrid Kretschmer (22 February 1939 – 22 January 2011) was an Austrian cartographer and geographer who published multiple works in the areas of cartographic study. She served as the secretary general of the Austrian Geographical Society, one of the oldest geographic societies in the world, later serving as the first female president of the organization in 2004.

Key takeaways

Ingrid Kretschmer belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Ingrid Kretschmer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Ingrid Kretschmer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Ingrid Kretschmer (22 February 1939 – 22 January 2011) was an Austrian cartographer and geographer who published multiple works in the areas of cartographic study. She served as the secretary general of the Austrian Geographical Society, one of the oldest geographic societies in the world, later serving as the first female president of the organization in 2004.

Personal life Born on February 22, 1939, Ingrid's father was an engineer in Linz, Austria and her mother died in childbirth when Ingrid was at the age of 6. She was frequently charged taking care of her two younger siblings. In 1957, she began to study geography and European ethnology at the University of Vienna. During this time, she had atlases published in the Österreichischer Volkskunde-Atlas (Ethnological Atlas of Austria) and eventually became the director of the publication. She served as assistant to Erik Arnberger who was serving as a professor of cartography at the University of Vienna. She presented her thesis in 1974 and was assigned as a full professor of cartography in 1988.

Published works Lexikon zur Geschichte der Kartographie (1986) Volume 3 of Atlantes Austriaci: Österreichische Atlanten 1561–1994 (1995) Österreichische Kartographie: Von den Anfängen im 15. Jahrhundert bis zum 21. Jahrhundert (2004) was a textbook on Austrian cartography co-authored with Franz Wawrik and Johannes Dörflinger

Published in Imago Mundi Ingrid frequently published articles in Imago Mundi. Mostly in 1988 and 1991, but also an obituary for a colleague in 2004.

The mapping of Austria in the twentieth century (1991) The First and Second Austrian School of Layered Relief Maps in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1988) Wolfgang Scharfe (1942-2003) (2004)

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Ingrid Kretschmer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Ingrid Kretschmer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Ingrid Kretschmer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Ingrid Kretschmer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Ingrid Kretschmer

In research: Ingrid Kretschmer appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Ingrid Kretschmer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Ingrid Kretschmer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1939 births, 2011 deaths, 20th-century Austrian geographers, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Ingrid Kretschmer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Ingrid Kretschmer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Ingrid Kretschmer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Ingrid Kretschmer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Ingrid Kretschmer in simple terms?

Why does Ingrid Kretschmer matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Ingrid Kretschmer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Ingrid Kretschmer.