science

Inovio COVID-19 vaccine

Inovio COVID-19 vaccine is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Inovio COVID-19 vaccine rather than just read about it. In short: Inovio COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals. History In February 2020 after receiving details of the genetic sequence of the coronavirus, Inovio announced that it had produced a preclinical DNA-based vaccine as a potential therapy for COVID-19.

Key takeaways

Inovio COVID-19 vaccine belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Inovio COVID-19 vaccine to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Inovio COVID-19 vaccine from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Inovio COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals.

History In February 2020 after receiving details of the genetic sequence of the coronavirus, Inovio announced that it had produced a preclinical DNA-based vaccine as a potential therapy for COVID-19. Inovio is in competition to develop a coronavirus vaccine with numerous other companies, which were conducting preclinical or early-stage human research on more than 170 vaccine candidates, as of late June. In April 2020, Inovio began a Phase I trial of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate, INO-4800.

Clinical trials Inovio is collaborating with Beijing Advaccine Biotechnology Co., a Chinese biotech firm, in order to speed its acceptance by regulatory authorities in China, with plans to begin human clinical trials of a candidate vaccine in China during the first half of 2020. Inovio has partnerships with manufacturers to scale up production of a vaccine if preliminary efficacy trials are successful. In April 2020, the company began human Phase I safety studies of its lead vaccine (INO-4800) in the United States, and a Phase I-II trial in South Korea, to test for immunization against the COVID-19 virus. In early June, Inovio partnered with the International Vaccine Institute and Seoul National University, South Korea, to advance human research on INO-4800 in a Phase I-II safety and efficacy trial to be conducted on 120 participants at Seoul National University Hospital beginning in June. The trial is funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and supported by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Korea National Institute of Health. On 23 April 2021 Inovio said the U.S. Department of Defense discontinued funding for the phase III portion of an ongoing trial of its COVID-19 vaccine candidate, INO-4800, in light of the broad availability of other COVID-19 vaccines in the U.S. The news followed recent phase I data showing '4800 performed about in line with already available competitors against the existing SARS-CoV-2 variants. NOVIO's global Phase 3 efficacy trial receives authorization to proceed from Brazil; other countries to follow. On 26 August 2021 Inovio's global Phase 3 efficacy trial receives authorization to proceed from Brazil. On 26 October 2021 The World Health Organization launched a Global COVID-19 Trial termed as the Solidarity Trial Vaccines. Inovio INO-4800 was chosen as the first DNA Vaccine to be introduced in the largest vaccine trial in history. The Countries of Colombia, Mali and the Philippines announced participation with many other countries yet to be named. The WHO is directly financing this trial. On 14 December 2021 Inovio released Clinical Data on Phase 1 and 2 trials held in the USA. The Data showed zero Level 3 Adverse Events. Conclusion INO-4800 appears safe and tolerable as a primary series and as a booster with the induction of both humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition to eliciting neutralizing antibodies, INO-4800 also induced T cell immune responses as demonstrated by IFNγ ELISpot. Finally, as a homologous booster, INO-4800, when administered 6–10.5 months following the primary series, resulted in an increased immune response without increase in reactogenicity.

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Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Inovio COVID-19 vaccine

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Inovio COVID-19 vaccine claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Inovio COVID-19 vaccine before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Inovio COVID-19 vaccine ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Inovio COVID-19 vaccine

In research: Inovio COVID-19 vaccine appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Inovio COVID-19 vaccine in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Inovio COVID-19 vaccine is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics American COVID-19 vaccines, Clinical trials related to COVID-19, DNA vaccines, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Inovio COVID-19 vaccine outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Inovio COVID-19 vaccine in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Inovio COVID-19 vaccine means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Inovio COVID-19 vaccine out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Inovio COVID-19 vaccine in simple terms?

Inovio COVID-19 vaccine is a COVID-19 vaccine candidate developed by Inovio Pharmaceuticals. History In February 2020 after receiving details of the genetic sequence of the coronavirus, Inovio announced that it had produced a preclinical DNA-based vaccine as a potential therapy for COVID-19.

Why does Inovio COVID-19 vaccine matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Inovio COVID-19 vaccine?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Inovio COVID-19 vaccine.