An institute of technology (also referred to as technological/technology university/college, technical university/college, university/college of technology, polytechnic university) is an institution of tertiary education that specializes in engineering, technology, applied science, and natural sciences.
Institutes of technology versus polytechnics The institutes of technology and polytechnics have been in existence since at least the 18th century, but became popular after World War II with the expansion of engineering and applied science education, associated with the new needs created by industrialization. Among the oldest institutions of technology are the Czech Technical University in Prague (1707), Braunschweig University of Technology (1745), Istanbul Technical University (1773), Budapest University of Technology and Economics (1782), and the École Polytechnique in Paris (1794). In some cases, polytechnics or institutes of technology are engineering schools or technical colleges. In several countries, like Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, Switzerland, Turkey, institutes of technology are institutions of higher education and have been accredited to award academic degrees and doctorates. Famous examples are the Istanbul Technical University, ETH Zurich, Delft University of Technology, Politecnico di Milano and RWTH Aachen all considered universities. In countries like Iran, Finland, Malaysia, Portugal, Singapore or the United Kingdom, there is often a significant and confused distinction between polytechnics and universities. In the UK, a binary system of higher education emerged consisting of universities (research orientation) and polytechnics (engineering and applied science and professional practice orientation). Polytechnics offered university equivalent degrees mainly in STEM subjects from bachelor's, master's and PhD that were validated and governed at the national level by the independent UK Council for National Academic Awards. In 1992, UK polytechnics were designated as universities which meant they could award their own degrees. The CNAA was disbanded. The UK's first polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution (now the University of Westminster), was founded in 1838 in Regent Street, London. In Ireland the term "institute of technology" is the more favored synonym of a "regional technical college" though the latter is the legally correct term; however, Dublin Institute of Technology was a university in all but name as it can confer degrees in accordance with law; Cork Institute of Technology and other Institutes of Technology have delegated authority from HETAC to make awards to and including master's degree level—Level 9 of Ireland's National Framework for Qualifications (NFQ)—for all areas of study and Doctorate level in a number of others. In 2018, Ireland passed the Technological Universities Act, which allowed a number of Institutes of Technology to transform into Technological Universities. In a number of countries, although now generally considered similar institutions of higher learning, polytechnics and institutes of technology used to have quite different statures, teaching competences, and organizational histories. In many cases, "polytechnic" were elite technological universities concentrating on applied science and engineering and may also be a former designation for a vocational institution, before it has been granted the exclusive right to award academic degrees and can be truly called an "institute of technology". A number of polytechnics providing higher education is simply a result of a formal upgrading from their original and historical role as intermediate technical education schools. In some situations, former polytechnics or other non-university institutions have emerged solely through an administrative change of statutes, which often included a name change with the introduction of new designations like "institute of technology", "polytechnic university", "university of applied sciences" or "university of technology" for marketing purposes. Such emergence of so many upgraded polytechnics, former vocational education and technical schools converted into more university-like institutions has caused concern where the lack of specialized intermediate technical professionals lead to industrial skill shortages in some fields, being also associated to an increase of the graduate unemployment rate. This is mostly the case in those countries, where the education system is not controlled by the state and any institution can grant degrees. Evidence have also shown a decline in the general quality of teaching and graduate's preparation for the workplace, due to the fast-paced conversion of that technical institutions to more advanced higher level institutions. Mentz, Kotze and Van der Merwe argue that all the tools are in place to promote the debate on the place of technology in higher education in general and in universities of technology specifically and they posit several questions for the debate.
Institutes by country
Argentina
In Argentina, the main higher institution devoted to the study of technology is the National Technological University which has Regional Faculties throughout Argentina. The Buenos Aires Institute of Technology (ITBA) and Balseiro Institute are other recognized institutes of technology.
Australia
1970s–1990s During the 1970s to early 1990s, the term was used to describe state owned and funded technical schools that offered both vocational and higher education. They were part of the College of Advanced Education system. In the 1990s most of these merged with existing universities or formed new ones of their own. These new universities often took the title University of Technology, for marketing rather than legal purposes. AVCC report The most prominent such university in each state founded the Australian Technology Network a few years later.
1990s–today Since the mid-1990s, the term has been applied to some technically minded technical and further education (TAFE) institutes. A recent example is the Melbourne Polytechnic rebranding and repositioning in 2014 from Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE. These primarily offer vocational education, although some like Melbourne Polytechnic are expanding into higher education offering vocationally oriented applied bachelor's degrees. This usage of the term is most prevalent historically in NSW and the ACT. The new terminology is apt given that this category of institution are becoming very much like the institutes of the 1970s–1990s period. In 2009, the old college system in Tasmania and TAFE Tasmania have started a 3-year restructure to become the Tasmanian Polytechnic www.polytechnic.tas.edu.au, Tasmanian Skills Institute www.skillsinstitute.tas.edu.au and Tasmanian Academy www.academy.tas.edu.au In the higher education sector, there are seven designated universities of technology in Australia (though, note, not all use the phrase "university of technology", such as the Universities of Canberra and South Australia, which used to be Colleges of Advanced Education before transitioning into fully-fledged universities with the ability – most important of all – to confer doctorates):
Curtin University, Western Australia Queensland University of Technology, Queensland Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, Victoria Swinburne University of Technology, Victoria University of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory University of South Australia, South Australia University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales
Austria Universities of technology These institutions are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research.
Graz University of Technology (13,454 students, founded 1811, Hochschule since 1865, doctoral degrees since 1901, university since 1975) TU Wien (27,923 students, founded 1815, Hochschule since 1872, doctoral degrees since 1901, university since 1975) University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna focused on agriculture (12,500 students, founded as Hochschule in 1872, doctoral degrees since 1906, university since 1975) University of Leoben specialized in mining, metallurgy and materials (4,030 students, founded 1840, Hochschule since 1904, doctoral degrees since 1906, university since 1975) Research institutions These institutions focus only on research.
Austrian Institute of Technology (founded 1956) Institute of Science and Technology Austria (founded 2007) Technical faculties at universities Several universities have faculties of technology that are entitled to confer habilitation and doctoral degrees and which focus on research.
Johannes Kepler University Linz (Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences founded 1965, university since 1975) University of Innsbruck (Faculty of Civil Engineering founded 1969) Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt (Faculty of Technical Sciences founded 2007) Fachhochschulen Fachhochschule is a German type of tertiary education institution and adopted later in Austria and Switzerland. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, medicine, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2010, there were 20 Fachhochschulen in Austria
Bangladesh There are some public engineering universities and colleges in Bangladesh:
Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET) Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Chittagong. Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (KUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Khulna Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Rajshahi. Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology (DUET). Formerly known as Bangladesh Institute of Technology, Dhaka. Sylhet Engineering College (SEC) which is affiliated with the Faculty of Applied Sciences & Technology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Mymensingh Engineering College (MEC) which is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka. Faridpur Engineering College (FEC) which is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka. Barisal Engineering College (BEC) which is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering & Technology, University of Dhaka. There are some general, technological and specialized universities in Bangladesh offer engineering programs:
University of Chittagong. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology. University of Dhaka. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology. University of Khulna. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology. University of Rajshahi. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology. Islamic University, Bangladesh (IU). Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology. Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Applied Science and Technology. Bangladesh University of Textiles (BUTEX). Specialized institution that offers various engineering programs with its interdisciplinary curricula. There are some private engineering universities in Bangladesh:
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology (AUST) Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST) There is only one international engineering university in Bangladesh:
Islamic University of Technology (IUT) There are numerous private and other universities as well as science and technology universities providing engineering education. Most prominent are:
American International University-Bangladesh Bangladesh University of Business and Technology. Engineering programs offer under the Faculty of Engineering and Technology. North South University International Islamic University Chittagong East West University BRAC University Independent University, Bangladesh European University of Bangladesh There are numerous government-funded as well as private polytechnic institutes, engineering colleges and science and technology institutes providing engineering education. Most prominent are:
Bangladesh Institute of Glass and Ceramics Dhaka Polytechnic Institute Chittagong Polytechnic Institute Bangladesh Survey Institute Govt. Arts Graphics Institute Bangladesh Institute of Marine Technology Mymensingh Engineering College Narayangonj Technical School and College
Belarus Belarusian National Technical University (BNTU) (Minsk, Belarus) Belarusian State Technological University (Minsk, Belarus) Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics (Minsk, Belarus) Brest State Technical University (Brest, Belarus) Pavel Sukhoi State Technical University of Gomel (Gomel, Belarus) Vitebsk State Technological University (Vitebsk, Belarus)
Belgium and the Netherlands In the Netherlands, there are four universities of technology, jointly known as 4TU:
Delft University of Technology (TU Delft) Eindhoven University of Technology (TU Eindhoven) Universiteit Twente (U Twente) Wageningen University (Wageningen U) In Belgium and in the Netherlands, Hogescholen or Hautes écoles (also translated into colleges, university colleges or universities of applied science) are applied institutes of higher education that do not award doctorates. They are generally limited to Bachelor-level education, with degrees called professional bachelors, and only minor Master's programmes. The hogeschool thus has many similarities to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas and to the ammattikorkeakoulu in Finland. A list of all hogescholen in the Netherlands, including some which might be called polytechnics, can be found at the end of this list.
Brazil Federal:
Federal Centers for Technological Education (CEFET) CEFET of Minas Gerais CEFET of Rio de Janeiro Some CEFETs were turned into Federal Institutes of Education, Science and Technology.
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFET)Each State has either one (e.g. Pará) or multiple (e.g. Minas Gerais). They are not related to Federal Universities, but offer undergraduate and technical degrees, sometimes, even graduate degrees. Federal Institute of Bahia Federal Institute of São Paulo Baiano Federal Institute - IF Baiano Federal Institute of Pará Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro Federal Institute of Southern Minas - IFSULDEMINAS Federal Institute of Maranhao Federal Technological University of Paraná (University derived from a federal technical college) Service academy:
Instituto Militar de Engenharia The Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica is regarded as one of the best engineering and computer science colleges in Brazil, it is known for its hard exams, that require some college level knowledge, such as calculus, from high school graduates. Students can choose whether they want to continue as a service member, or to continue as a civilian. Private:
Instituto Nacional de Telecomunicações – Inatel State:
Sao Paulo State Technological College Technical School of Pará (ETEPA)
Bulgaria
Technical University of Gabrovo Technical University of Sofia Technical University of Varna University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy
Cambodia In Cambodia, there are institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and Universities that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to: certificates, diplomas and degrees. Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes and universities tend to be independent institutions.
Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes Institute of Technology of Cambodia (ITC) or Institut de Technologie du Cambodge (polytechnic institute in Phnom Penh, Cambodia) Phnom Penh Institute of Technology (PPIT) (polytechnic institute in Phnom Penh, Cambodia) Universities Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP) or Royal Université de Phnom Penh (polytechnic university in Phnom Penh, Cambodia)
Canada In Canada, there are affiliate schools, colleges, and institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes that offer instruction in a variety of programs that can lead to the bestowment of apprenticeships, citations, certificates, diplomas, and associate's degrees upon successful completion. Affiliate schools are polytechnic divisions attached to a national university and offer select technical and engineering transfer programs. Colleges, institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes, and universities tend to be independent institutions. Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level; however, university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources. Some of Canada's most well-known colleges and polytechnic institutions also partake in collaborative institute-industry projects, leading to technology commercialization, made possible through the scope of Polytechnics Canada, a national alliance of eleven leading research-intensive colleges and institutes of technology.
Affiliate schools École de technologie supérieure (ETS) (technical school part of the Université du Québec system in Montreal, Quebec) École Polytechnique de Montréal (polytechnic school affiliated with the Université de Montréal in Montreal, Quebec) Marine Institute of Memorial University of Newfoundland (Polytechnic marine school affiliated with the Memorial University of Newfoundland in St. John's) Colleges Algonquin College (Ottawa, Ontario) Conestoga College (Kitchener, Ontario) George Brown College (Toronto, Ontario) Humber College (Toronto) Red River College (college in Winnipeg, Manitoba, offering degrees) Seneca Polytechnic (Toronto) St. Clair College (Windsor) Institutes of technology/polytechnic institutes British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT; polytechnic institute in Burnaby, British Columbia) Kwantlen Polytechnic University (polytechnic university in Surrey, British Columbia) Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT; polytechnic institute in Edmonton, Alberta) Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, university in Toronto, Ontario) – The former Ryerson University was one of the originators of applied education in Ontario and Canada. It became a university in 1993 and dropped the term "polytechnic" in 2002, after it gained the right to grant master's and doctoral degrees, as well as changing the name of some degree designations to bring it in line with other traditional research universities. Saskatchewan Polytechnic, formerly SIAST (polytechnic institute; multiple campuses with headquarters in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan) Sheridan College (polytechnic institute in Oakville, Ontario) Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT; polytechnic institute in Calgary, Alberta) Red Deer Polytechnic (RDP; polytechnic institute in Red Deer, Alberta) University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT; university in Oshawa, Ontario)
China
China's modern higher education began in 1895 with the Imperial Tientsin University which was a polytechnic plus a law department. Liberal arts were not offered until three years later at Capital University. To this day, about half of China's elite universities remain essentially polytechnical.
Chile Federico Santa María Technical University (UTFSM), currently the only active technical university / Institute of technology in Chile, founded initially in 1931 as School of Crafts and Arts and School of Engineering José Miguel Carrera, 18,000 students
Costa Rica The National Technical University (UTN) founded in 2008 by merging several trade and craftsmanship schools, it is a polytechnic. The Costa Rica Institute of Technology (TEC) was founded in 1971, has its main campus located in the Cartago province, it is an institute of technology.
Croatia In Croatia there are many polytechnic institutes and colleges that offer a polytechnic education. The law about polytechnic education in Croatia was passed in 1997.
Czech Republic
Technical universities
Brno University of Technology (VUT), founded in 1899, 24,000 students Collegium Nobilium in Olomouc, 1725–1847 Czech Technical University in Prague (ČVUT), college founded in 1707, university since 1806, 23,000 students, belongs to the oldest technical universities in the world Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (ČZU), founded in 1904, focused on agriculture, 18,000 students Institute of Chemical Technology in Prague (VŠCHT), founded in 1952, 3,000 student Mendel University in Brno (MENDELU), founded in 1919, focused on agriculture, 9,000 students Technical University of Liberec (TUL), founded in 1953, 8,000 students Technical University of Ostrava (VŠB TUO), founded in 1849, 22,000 students Tomáš Baťa University in Zlín (UTB), founded in 2000, 10,000 students Research institutions Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (AV ČR), dates back to 1784, 14,000 research staff altogether Technical faculties at universities Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí nad Labem (Faculty of Production Technology and Management, university founded in 1991) University of Pardubice (Faculty of Chemical Technology since 1950, Jan Perner Faculty of Transportation since 1991, Institute of Electrical Engineering and Informatics since 2002) University of West Bohemia (Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering; University founded in 1991)
Denmark Technical University of Denmark, founded in 1829 by Hans Christian Ørsted
Dominican Republic Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago
Ecuador National Polytechnic School (EPN), National Polytechnic School, Quito, Ecuador EPN is known for research and education in the applied science, astronomy, atmospheric physics, engineering and physical sciences. The Geophysics Institute monitors the country's seismic, tectonic and volcanic activity in the continental territory and in the Galápagos Islands. One of the oldest observatories in South America is the Quito Astronomical Observatory. It was founded in 1873 and is located 12 minutes south of the Equator in Quito, Ecuador. The Quito Astronomical Observatory is the National Observatory of Ecuador and is located in the Historic Center of Quito and is managed by the National Polytechnic School. The Nuclear Science Department at EPN is the only one in Ecuador and has the large infrastructure, related to irradiation facilities like cobalt-60 source and electron beam processing.
Egypt Alexandria Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology (AIET) Higher Technological Institute Institute of Aviation Engineering and Technology
Estonia Tallinn University of Technology (TalTech), a public research university Tallinn University of Applied Sciences, a public vocational university Estonian Entrepreneurship University of Applied Sciences, a private institution in Tallinn
Finland Universities of technology Universities of technology are categorised as universities, are allowed to grant B.Sc. (Tech.), Diplomi-insinööri M.Sc. (Tech.), Lic.Sc. (Tech.), Ph.D. and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees and roughly correspond to Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas and Technische Universität of Germany in prestige. In addition to universities of technology, some universities, e.g. University of Oulu and Åbo Akademi University, are allowed to grant the B.Sc. (tech.), M.Sc. (tech.) and D.Sc. (Tech.) degrees. Universities of technology are academically similar to other (non-polytechnic) universities. Prior to Bologna process, M.Sc. (Tech.) required 180 credits, whereas M.Sc. from a normal university required 160 credits. The credits between universities of technology and normal universities are comparable. Some Finnish universities of technology are:
Aalto University formed from Helsinki University of Technology and other universities Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT Polytechnics Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas. Some recognized Finnish polytechnics are:
Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences Lapland University of Applied Sciences Tampere University of Applied Sciences Turku University of Applied Sciences A complete list may be found in List of polytechnics in Finland.
France and Francophone regions Instituts de Technologie (Grandes Écoles) Collegiate universities grouping several engineering schools or multi-site clusters of French grandes écoles provide sciences and technology curricula as autonomous higher education engineering institutes. They include:
Arts et Métiers ParisTech CentraleSupélec Graduate School Grenoble Institute of Technology Institut national des sciences appliquées Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Paris Institute of Technology ESTIA Institute of Technology They provide science and technology master's degrees and doctoral degrees.
Universités de Technologie / Polytechs The universities of technology (French: universités de technologie) are public institutions awarding degrees and diplomas that are accredited by the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research. Although called "universities", the universities of technology are in fact non-university institutes (écoles extérieures aux universités), as defined by Chapter I, Section II (Articles 34 through 36) of French law 84-52 of 26 January 1984 regarding higher education (the loi Savary). They possess the advantage of combining all the assets of the engineering Grandes Écoles and those of universities as they develop simultaneously and coherently three missions: Education, Research, Transfer of technology. They maintain close links with the industrial world both on national and international levels and they are reputed for their ability to innovate, adapt and provide an education that matches the ever-changing demands of industry. This network includes three institutions:
The University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard (Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard or UTBM) The University of Technology of Compiègne (Université de Technologie de Compiègne or UTC) The University of Technology of Troyes (Université de Technologie de Troyes or UTT) 'Polytech institutes', embedded as a part of eleven French universities provide both undergraduate and graduate engineering curricula. In the French-speaking part of Switzerland exists also the term haute école specialisée for a type of institution called Fachhochschule in the German-speaking part of the country. (see below).
Écoles polytechniques Higher education systems, that are influenced by the French education system set at the end of the 18th century, use a terminology derived by reference to the French École polytechnique. Such terms include Écoles Polytechniques (Algeria, Belgium, Canada, France, Switzerland, Tunisia), Escola Politécnica (Brasil, Spain), Polytechnicum (Eastern Europe). In French language, higher education refers to écoles polytechniques, providing science and engineering curricula:
École polytechnique or X (near Paris) École polytechnique de Bruxelles École polytechnique de Montréal École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne National Polytechnic Institute of Lorraine National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse
Germany Fachhochschule
Fachhochschulen were first founded in the early 1970s. They do not focus exclusively on technology, but may also offer courses in social science, business and design. They grant bachelor's degrees and master's degrees and focus more on teaching than research and more on specific professions than on science. In 2009/10, there existed about 200 Fachhochschulen in Germany. See the German Wikipedia for a list.
Technische Universität
Technische Universität (abbreviation: TU) is the common term for universities of technology. These institutions can grant habilitation and doctoral degrees and focus on research. The nine largest and most renowned Technische Universitäten in Germany have formed TU9 German Institutes of Technology as community of interests. Technische Universitäten normally have faculties or departements of natural sciences and often of economics but can also have units of cultural and social sciences and arts. RWTH Aachen University, TU Dresden and the Technical University of Munich also have a faculty of medicine associated with university hospitals (Klinikum Aachen, University Hospital Dresden, Rechts der Isar Hospital). There are 20 universities of technology in Germany with about 290,000 students enrolled. The three states of Bremen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Schleswig-Holstein do not have a Technische Universität. Saxony and Lower Saxony have the highest counts of TUs, while in Saxony three out of four universities are universities of technology. In addition to this, ordinary universities can also offer technical degree programs or focus on technical disciplines in research and education without bearing the title of a technical university.
Greece Greece has Technical Universities (also known as Polytechnic Universities) with 5 years of study legally equivalent to Bachelor's and master's degree 300 ECTS, ISCED 7 and has the full professional rights of the Engineer. and had Technological Educational Institutes (TEIs) (1982–2019) also known as Higher Educational Institute of Technology, Technological Institute, Institute of Technology (provides at least 4-year undergraduate degree qualification πτυχίο, Latinised version: Ptychion, in line with the Bologna Process legally equivalent to Bachelor's honours degree 240 ECTS, ISCED 6. Previously it was three and a half years studies from 1983 to 1995, 210 ECTS). All the Technical Universities and Technological Educational Institutes are Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) with university title (UT) and degree awarding powers (DAPs). TEIs existed from 1983 to 2019; they were reformed between 2013 and 2019 and their departments incorporated into existing higher education institutions (HEIs). The two Polytechnic Universities (Technical Universities) in Greece (Greek: Πολυτεχνείο) are the National Technical University of Athens and the Technical University of Crete. However, many other universities have a faculty of engineering that provides an equivalent diploma of engineerings with an integrated master and the full professional rights as well. Many TEIs that got dismantled created engineering faculty with 5 years of study and 300 ECTS, ISCED 6. But those faculty are not under the general term of Polytechnics nor they have an integrated master's degree yet waiting evaluation to be characterised as equivalent. These have been named School of Engineers for the time being and not Technical Universities or Polytechnic. In Greece, all Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are public university owned and government-funded, with free education undergraduate programmes that can be attended without any payment of tuition fee. About 1 out of 4 (one-fourth of) HEIs postgraduate programmes are offered free without any payment of tuition fee, especially about a 30% percentage of students can be entitled without tuition fee to attend all the HEIs statutory tuition fee postgraduate programmes after they be assessed on an individual basis of determined criteria as set out in the Ministry of Education.
Hong Kong
The first polytechnic in Hong Kong is The Hong Kong Polytechnic, established in 1972 through upgrading the Hong Kong Technical College (Government Trade School before 1947). The second polytechnic, the City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, was founded in 1984. These polytechnics awards diplomas, higher diplomas, as well as academic degrees. Like the United Kingdom, the two polytechnics were granted university status in 1994 and renamed The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and the City University of Hong Kong respectively. The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, a university with a focus in applied science, engineering and business, was founded in 1991.
Hungary The world's first Institute of Technology the Berg-Schola (Bergschule) established in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary, by the Court Chamber of Vienna in 1735 providing further education to train specialists of precious metal and copper mining. In 1762 the institute ranked up to be Academia providing higher education courses. After the Treaty of Trianon the institute had to be moved to Sopron.
University of Miskolc re-established in 1949 as Technical University of Heavy Industry in Miskolc and in 1990 as University of Miskolc. The university is the successor of the University of Mining and Metallurgy of Selmecbánya (est. as Bergshule 1735). Budapest University of Technology and Economics, one of the oldest institute of technology of the world is located in Budapest (est. 1782). The BME was the first University in Europe to award engineering degrees. University of Debrecen – Faculty of Engineering University of Dunaújváros Pallasz Athéné University – GAMF University of Nyíregyháza – Institute of Technical and Agricultural Sciences University of Sopron – The university is a successor of the University of Mining and Metallurgy of Selmecbánya (est. as Bergshule 1735). University of Szeged – Faculty of Engineering Szent István University Széchenyi István University University of Pannonia University of Pécs – Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology Óbuda University
India There are Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Information Technology, and National Institutes of Technology in India which are autonomous public institutions. These institutions are Institutes of National Importance, and hence each of the institutions are autonomous. All Indian Institutes of Technology, Indian Institutes of Information Technology, and National Institutes of Technology have their own councils which are headed by President of India. The activities of these institutions are generally governed by the institutes alone, but sometimes they are bound to follow the directives of Ministry of Education (India) and are answerable to Ministry of Education (India) and President of India. Some departments of some of these institutions are bound to follow certain guidelines of National Board of Accreditation (NBA) if they receive the accreditation from NBA. However, unlike other institutions, it is not mandatory for these institutes to follow guidelines of All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and NBA completely. The authority controlling technical education, other than the Institutes of National Importance, in India is All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and National Board of Accreditation (NBA).
Indonesia There are four public institutes of technology in Indonesia that are owned by the government of Indonesia. Other than that, there are hundreds of other institutes that are owned by private or other institutions. Four public institutes are:
Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Surabaya Kalimantan Institute of Technology, Balikpapan Sumatera Institute of Technology, Bandar Lampung Public state-owned polytechnics also available and provides vocational education offers either three-year Diploma degrees, which is similar to an associate degree or four-year bachelor's degree in applied sciences (Indonesian: Sarjana Terapan). The more advanced vocational Master's are also available and doctoral degrees are still in progress. Some notable polytechnics in Indonesia includes State Polytechnic of Jakarta, State Polytechnic of Bandung, State Polytechnic of Malang, State Electronics Polytechnic of Surabaya, and State Naval and Shipbuilding Polytechnic of Surabaya. These polytechnics are known to break away from Indonesian prestigious universities and institute of technologies, e.g. the State Polytechnic of Jakarta sectioned off from the University of Indonesia while both Surabaya polytechnics separated from Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology.
Iran There are 18 technological universities in Iran.
Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran Sharif University of Technology, Tehran Technical and Vocational University, 172 branches in Iran Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran Petroleum University of Technology, Tehran and Ahwaz Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz Arak University of Technology, Arak Urmia University of Technology, Urmia Babol University of Technology, Babol Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan Kermanshah University of Technology, Kermanshah Qom University of Technology, Qom Birjand University of Technology, Birjand Jondi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful Sirjan University of Technology, Sirjan
Iraq
University of Technology, Iraq
Ireland
An "Institute of Technology" was formerly referred to as Regional Technical College (RTCs) system. The abbreviation IT is now widely used to refer to an Institute of Technology. These institutions offer sub-degree, degree and masters level studies. Unlike the Irish university system an Institute of Technology also offers sub-degree programmes such as 2-year Higher Certificate programme in various academic fields of study. Some institutions have "delegated authority" that allows them to make doctoral awards in their own name, after authorisation by the Quality and Qualifications Ireland. Dublin Institute of Technology developed separately from the Regional Technical College system and after several decades of association with the University of Dublin it acquired the authority to confer its own degrees before becoming a member ofTU Dublin. The approval of Ireland's first Technological University, TU Dublin was announced in July 2018 and the new university established on 1 January 2019. It is the result of a merger of three of the ITs in the County Dublin area - Dublin Institute of Technology, IT Tallaght and IT Blanchardstown. Several Technological Universities have since been set up in the country. Munster TU was established 1 January 2021 through a merger of Cork IT and IT Tralee (Kerry). The Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest was the third such university, established in October 2021 out of Limerick IT and Athlone IT. The Atlantic Technological University was formally established on 1 April 2022 out of Galway-Mayo IT, IT Sligo, and Letterkenny IT. As a fifth such institution, the South East Technological University was established on 1 May 2022 out of Carlow IT and Waterford IT. As of May 2023, the only remaining Institutes of Technology in Ireland are Dundalk IT and the Dun Laoghaire Inst