Intal language

Key takeaways

Intal language belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Intal language to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Intal language from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Intal is an international auxiliary language, published in 1956 by the German linguist Erich Weferling. Its name is an acronym for INTernational Auxiliary Language. Intal was conceived to unite the most important features of existing international auxiliary languages, like Esperanto, Ido, Occidental-Interlingue, Neo, Novial and Interlingua, into a compromise system.

History In the year 1956 Erich Weferling published the first version of his system Intal. The final version of Intal was published by Weferling in the year 1978. Weferling saw his Intal as a compromise among the most important constructed languages, so he deliberately abstained from creating a complete dictionary of Intal. He regarded the existing different constructed languages as dialects of one common international language. He recommended using the vocabulary of the major international auxiliary languages, adapted to the orthography and phonology of Intal. Weferling wrote most of his material on Intal in the language himself. In the year 1976 Weferling even published his autobiography Ek le vive de un oldi interlinguistiker (From the life of an old Interlinguist) in Intal. After Weferling died in 1982, his efforts were nearly forgotten and the authorities of the surviving constructed language organizations showed no readiness to change their system according to Intal or to unify.

Orthography

Alphabet and pronunciation

Intal uses the Latin script without special signs. The Intal alphabet has 23 letters, 5 vowels (a, e, i, o, u) and 18 consonants (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, v, y, z). The consonants q, w and x are only used in proper names and foreign words. c is pronounced /ʃ/ (like English sh), g always hard (as in German), j as in French, and y and z as in English. The stress of a word is on the vowel before the last consonant, unless marked by an accent as in idé and tabú.

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Grammar

Articles The definite article in Intal is le. It is used the same for singular and plural and for all genders. The indefinite article in Intal is un. It is used for all genders, but only in singular.

Nouns Nouns have no specific ending. The usual euphonic ending is -e like: libre book, table table, but also manu hand and hotel hotel. Natural gender of living entities can be expressed by -o for male gender and -a for female gender: like kavale horse, kavalo stallion, kavala mare. The plural is marked by 's like table's tables. The genitive case is expressed by the preposition de and with the definite article it becomes del, like del patro of the father. The dative case which indicates the indirect object is formed by the preposition a or with the definite article al, like al patro to the father. The accusative case which indicates the direct object is identical with the nominative. Only when the word order is changed one can use the particle -em, like Vu-em me danka It is you that I thank.

Adjective Adjectives end usually in –i as in Novial: boni good, beli beautiful. The ending -i can be omitted for euphonic reasons. The adjective is not changed according to case, gender or singular/plural. It is placed before the subject.

Adverbs Adverbs are mostly derived from adjectives by changing the ending to –im. Examples: bonim well, verim truly.

Verbs Intal has no distinct infinitive ending; the infinitive is identical with the present tense, which ends always in -a. So vida means "to see" and me vida means "I see". The past tense is formed either by placing the particle did before the infinitive/present tense form of the verb or with the ending -ed. So one can say me did vida or me vided, "I saw". The future tense is formed with the particle ve in front of the infinitive/present form of the verb: me ve vida "I will see". The conditional is formed by placing the particle vud before the infinitive/present form of the verb: me vud vida "I would see". The imperative ending is -u: Venu! Come! The active participle is formed by -ant after the stem of the verb, like amant loving, soluant solving. The passive participle is formed by -at at the stem of the verb, like amat loved, soluat solved. The passive voice which means action is formed with the help of the particle fi and the passive participle of the verb. Me fi konvinked I become convinced. If the passive voice is describing a state then it is expressed by the auxiliary verb es "to be". Le porte es klozat dum le toti nokte The door is closed during the whole night.

Pronouns Singular pronouns: me I, me, tu you, il he, el she, it it, ol it for a living entity whose gender is not defined. Plural pronouns: nos, vus, les Possessive adjectives are formed by adding the ending -i to the personal pronouns: mei my, tui your, sui his or her, ilsui his, elsui her, nosi our, vusi your (Plural) lesi their. Reflexive pronoun is se, but it is only used for the third person singular or plural: Il lava se He washes himself, but Me lava me I wash myself. The impersonal pronoun is on one.

Numerals Cardinal numbers: un, du, tri, kvar, kvin, siks, sep, ok, nin, dek, dekun, dekdu,..., dudek, dudek un, ..., tridek,..., sent, mil, milion, miliard' Ordinal numbers are formed by adding the ending –ti to the cardinal numbers: prim/unti first, duti second, triti third.

Prepositions in in, a to, sur on, etc.

Conjunctions e and, o or, si if, ma but, etc.

Syntax The basic word order is subject–verb–object.

Samples Ode to Joy by Friedrich Schiller

Bibliography

Vera K. Barandovská-Frank: Erich Weferling. Tri jardekoj de lingvofajlado. In: Tazio Carlevaro (Red.): Domaine de la recherche en linguistique appliquée. Bellinzona 1998, p. 196 - 210 (in Esperanto). Weferling, Erich: Ek le vive de un oldi interlinguistiker. Braunschweig 1976 (in Intal). Weferling. Erich: Intal. Braunschweig 1964 (in Intal). Weferling, Erich: Komparation inter Esperanto e Intal in kontrapozati tabeles. Braunschweig 1978 (in Intal). Weferling, Erich: Die Plansprache Intal, ein Versuch der Einheitsbildung. Braunschweig 1976 (10th edition) (in German). Weferling, Erich: Standard-Gramatike del international planlingue INTAL. Braunschweig 1978 (28th edition) (in Intal).

External links A short grammar of Intal Archived 2016-10-25 at the Wayback Machine The Yahoo-group which contains the main material on Intal by Weferling Wiki in Intal

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Intal language

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Intal language claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Intal language before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Intal language ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Intal language

In research: Intal language appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Intal language in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Intal language is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Constructed languages, Constructed languages introduced in the 1950s, International auxiliary languages, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Intal language outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study Intal language in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Intal language means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Intal language out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Intal language in simple terms?

Intal is an international auxiliary language, published in 1956 by the German linguist Erich Weferling. Its name is an acronym for INTernational Auxiliary Language.

Why does Intal language matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Intal language?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Intal language.