science

Israeli Cassini Soldner

Israeli Cassini Soldner is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Israeli Cassini Soldner rather than just read about it. In short: Israeli Cassini Soldner (ICS), commonly known as the Old Israeli Grid (OIG; Hebrew: רשת ישראל הישנה Reshet Yisra'el Ha-Yeshana) is the old geographic coordinate system for Israel. The name is derived from the Cassini Soldner projection it uses and the fact that it is optimized for Israel.

Key takeaways

Israeli Cassini Soldner belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Israeli Cassini Soldner to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Israeli Cassini Soldner from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Israeli Cassini Soldner (ICS), commonly known as the Old Israeli Grid (OIG; Hebrew: רשת ישראל הישנה Reshet Yisra'el Ha-Yeshana) is the old geographic coordinate system for Israel. The name is derived from the Cassini Soldner projection it uses and the fact that it is optimized for Israel. ICS has been mostly replaced by the new coordinate system Israeli Transverse Mercator (ITM), also known as the New Israeli Grid (NIG), but still referenced by older books and navigation software.

History The Cassini Soldner projection was used by the British Mandate of Palestine, when it was called the Palestine grid. The Palestine grid reached as south as Beer-Sheba. To avoid the existence of negative coordinates in the southern Negev, the False Northing of ICS was increased by 1000000. As a result, coordinates in the south of Israel are higher than 800000.

Examples An ICS coordinate is generally given as a pair of two numbers (excluding any digits behind a decimal point which may be used in very precise surveying). The first number is always the Easting and the second is the Northing. The easting and northing are in metres from the false origin. The easting is always a 6 digit number while the northing has 6 or 7 digits. The ICS coordinate for the Western Wall at Jerusalem is:

E 172249 m N 1131586 m The first figure is the easting and means that the location is 172,249 meters east from the false origin (along the X axis). The second figure is the northing and puts the location 1,131,586 meters north of the false origin (along the Y axis). Also notice how the easting in this example is indicated with an “E” and likewise an “N” for the northing. The fact that the coordinate is in meters is indicated by the lowercase m. The table below shows the same coordinate in 3 different grids:

Grid parameters The ICS coordinate system is defined by the following parameters:

Projection: Cassini Soldner Reference ellipsoid: Clarke 80 Modified a(m): 6378300.789 1/f: 293.466 Main datum point values: Latitude of origin (D-M-S): 31 44 2.748999999990644 Longitude of origin (D-M-S): 35 12 43.490000000012970 Main point grid values: False Easting (m): 170251.5549999999 False Northing(m): 1126867.909 Grid scale factor: 1

References

Sources Official ICS Grid Definition Archived 2011-10-02 at the Wayback Machine MAPI (Mapping Center of Israel) official website (Hebrew). Geography educational website Archived 2014-08-07 at the Wayback Machine of Haifa's university.

External links MAPI (Mapping Center of Israel) official website (Hebrew). Geography educational website Archived 2014-08-07 at the Wayback Machine of Haifa's university.

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Israeli Cassini Soldner

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Israeli Cassini Soldner claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Israeli Cassini Soldner before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Israeli Cassini Soldner ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Israeli Cassini Soldner

In research: Israeli Cassini Soldner appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Israeli Cassini Soldner in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Israeli Cassini Soldner is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Geodesy, Geographic coordinate systems, Geography of Israel, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Israeli Cassini Soldner outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

Affiliate

Preply — study more efficiently by working with a personal tutor. 50% off.

How to study Israeli Cassini Soldner in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Israeli Cassini Soldner means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Israeli Cassini Soldner out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Israeli Cassini Soldner in simple terms?

Why does Israeli Cassini Soldner matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Israeli Cassini Soldner?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Israeli Cassini Soldner.