chemistry

Judith Howard

Judith Howard is a chemistry topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Judith Howard rather than just read about it. In short: Judith Ann Kathleen Howard (née Duckworth; 21 October 1945 in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is a British chemist, crystallographer and Professor of Chemistry at Durham University. Early life and education Judith Howard attended Salisbury Grammar School for girls, and later attended University of Bristol in 1963 to study chemistry.

Key takeaways

Judith Howard belongs to chemistry; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Judith Howard to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Judith Howard from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Judith Ann Kathleen Howard (née Duckworth; 21 October 1945 in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is a British chemist, crystallographer and Professor of Chemistry at Durham University.

Early life and education Judith Howard attended Salisbury Grammar School for girls, and later attended University of Bristol in 1963 to study chemistry. As a final year undergraduate, Howard worked on the structure of the compound, tin tetra-iron-tetra carbonyl, which was the basis of her very first published work. She graduated from University of Bristol with a Bachelor of Science degree and was awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the University of Oxford where she was a student at Somerville College, Oxford and studied the structure of insulin supervised by Dorothy Hodgkin.

Career and research In 1991, Howard moved to become Professor of Crystallography at Durham University. She has co-authored over 1,500 scientific publications, resulting in a H-index of 82. Howard's research is in X-ray crystallography. Her interests include in-situ crystallisation of liquids, ultra-low temperature crystallography, high pressure crystallography, experimental charge density analysis, solid-state reactions the study of non-linear optical materials and magnetically interesting materials. Howard has created instruments that allow scientists to help advance and prove theories in the field of X-ray crystallography. She is the chairperson of the Olexsys software for refinement of crystallographic data. Prolific in her contributions to science, with over 1,500 publications to her name, Judith actively participates in committees and conferences worldwide. She was the first woman to head a five-star chemistry department (at the University of Durham). She was one of the founder members of the British Crystallographic Association where she served as Secretary from 1985 to 1987 and President from 1992 to 1996.

Awards and honours She was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science degree at the University of Bristol in 1986. In 2005, she received an Honorary Degree from the University of Bath. In 2016 she received an Honorary Doctor of Science Degree from the University of East Anglia. Other awards include:

1996 Appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) 1999 Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) Prize for Structural Chemistry 2002 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)

References

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Judith Howard

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Judith Howard claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In chemistry, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Judith Howard before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Judith Howard ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Judith Howard

In research: Judith Howard appears in chemistry research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Judith Howard in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Judith Howard is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1945 births, Alumni of Somerville College, Oxford, Alumni of the University of Bristol, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Judith Howard outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Judith Howard in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Judith Howard means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Judith Howard out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Judith Howard in simple terms?

Judith Ann Kathleen Howard (née Duckworth; 21 October 1945 in Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire) is a British chemist, crystallographer and Professor of Chemistry at Durham University. Early life and education Judith Howard attended Salisbury Grammar School for girls, and later attended University of Brist…

Why does Judith Howard matter?

Because it connects several chemistry ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Judith Howard?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Judith Howard.