mathematics

Julie E. Backer

Julie E. Backer is a mathematics topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Julie E. Backer rather than just read about it. In short: Julie Elisabeth Backer (31 August 1890 – 31 December 1977) was a Norwegian statistician who was bureau chief for Norway's Central Bureau of Statistics 1936–1956 specializing in the study of mortality. Biography She was born in Kristiania as a daughter of architect Herman Backer (1856–1932) and Elisabeth Christiane née Boeck (1868–1958).

Key takeaways

Julie E. Backer belongs to mathematics; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Julie E. Backer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Julie E. Backer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Biography She was born in Kristiania as a daughter of architect Herman Backer (1856–1932) and Elisabeth Christiane née Boeck (1868–1958). After finishing her secondary education in 1909 she took the cand.oecon. degree in 1912. She worked a few years as a calculator at the life insurance company Gjensidige before being employed in Statistics Norway in 1917. In 1920-1921 she studied at the University of Montpellier, and in 1922 she worked at the L'Institut international de Commerce in Brussels. In 1929 she studied Medical Statistics at the League of Nations in Geneva. She served as bureau chief for Statistics Norway in 1936–1956, and later became a consultant in the research department there. In 1938 she took the dr.philos. degree with the thesis Dødeligheten blandt lungetuberkuløse, on the mortality among tuberculosis victims. Her principal interests and responsibilities lay in health and population statistics. She became head of her division in 1936 and served in that post until her retirement in 1956. After her retirement, she still continued her research and carried on publishing. She was an elected member of the International Statistical Institute, the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population and a World Health Organization expert panel on statistical classification of diseases.

Notable works Backer was widely published, particularly concerning population statistics and medical-statistical topics.

(1947) Population Statistics and Population Registration in Norway. Part I. The Vital Statistics of Norway: an Historical Review, Population Studies, 1(2), 212-226 (1948) Population statistics and population registration in Norway. Part 2, Population Studies, 2(3), 318-338 (1961) Trend of Mortality and Causes of Death in Norway 1856-1955 (Dødeligheten og dens årsaker i Norge. 1856–1955) (1965) Marriages, Births and Migrations in Norway 1856-1960 (Ekteskap, fødsler og vandringer i Norge 1856–1960) (1967) Infant Mortality Problems in Norway, Pediatrics, 41(5)

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Julie E. Backer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Julie E. Backer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In mathematics, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Julie E. Backer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Julie E. Backer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Julie E. Backer

In research: Julie E. Backer appears in mathematics research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Julie E. Backer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Julie E. Backer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1890 births, 1977 deaths, 20th-century statisticians, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Julie E. Backer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Julie E. Backer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Julie E. Backer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Julie E. Backer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Julie E. Backer in simple terms?

Julie Elisabeth Backer (31 August 1890 – 31 December 1977) was a Norwegian statistician who was bureau chief for Norway's Central Bureau of Statistics 1936–1956 specializing in the study of mortality. Biography She was born in Kristiania as a daughter of architect Herman Backer (1856–1932) and Elis…

Why does Julie E. Backer matter?

Because it connects several mathematics ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Julie E. Backer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Julie E. Backer.