science

Julius Schäffer

Julius Schäffer is a science topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand Julius Schäffer rather than just read about it. In short: Julius Schäffer (3 June 1882 – 21 October 1944) was a German mycologist. His contributions include studies on the Agaricales (gilled mushrooms), especially the genus Russula, about which he wrote a monograph in 1933 and issued the exsiccata Russulae exsiccatae a Jul.

Key takeaways

Julius Schäffer belongs to science; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect Julius Schäffer to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of Julius Schäffer from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Julius Schäffer (3 June 1882 – 21 October 1944) was a German mycologist. His contributions include studies on the Agaricales (gilled mushrooms), especially the genus Russula, about which he wrote a monograph in 1933 and issued the exsiccata Russulae exsiccatae a Jul. Schaeffer in Annal. Mycolog. vol. 31 & 32 (Russula-Monographie) descriptae. Later, he revised the genus in the series Die Pilze Mitteleuropas (1926–1967); his notes were published posthumously by his wife Liesel in 1952 with the help of other mycologists. The work was considered the "authoritative treatment of the group for Central Europe". One of the Russula species that was first described in this publication was R. laeta. Schäffer developed a chemical test to help with the identification of Agaricus species. A positive reaction of Schaeffer's test, which uses the reaction of aniline and nitric acid on the surface of the mushroom, is indicated by an orange-to-red color; it is characteristic of species in the section Flavescentes. The compounds responsible for the reaction were named schaefferal A and B to honor Schäffer. Schäffer is the only mycologist of modern times known to have died from consuming poisonous mushrooms, in this case, Paxillus involutus. About an hour after he and his wife had eaten a meal prepared with the mushrooms, Schäffer developed vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. His condition worsened to the point where he was admitted to hospital the following day, and subsequently developed renal failure, perishing after 17 days.

Eponymous taxa Several species have been named in honor of Schaeffer:

Agaricus schaefferianus Hlavácek 1987 now Agaricus urinascens (Jul. Schäff. & F.H. Møller) Singer 1951 Cortinarius schaefferanus (M.M. Moser) M.M. Moser 1967 Russula nauseosa var. schaefferi Kill. 1939 Russula schaefferi Kärcher 1996 Russula schaefferiana Niolle 1943 Russula schaefferina Rawla & Sarwal 1983

Selected publications Schäffer, J. (1947). "Beobachtungen an Oberbayerischen Blätterpilzen". Berichte der bayerischen botanischen Gesellschaft 27: 201–225.

References

External links Collection of 82 coloured drawings of Russula – Natural History Museum, London

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with Julius Schäffer

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what Julius Schäffer claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In science, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to Julius Schäffer before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about Julius Schäffer ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of Julius Schäffer

In research: Julius Schäffer appears in science research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses Julius Schäffer in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: Julius Schäffer is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics 1882 births, 1944 deaths, Accidental deaths in Germany, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for Julius Schäffer outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study Julius Schäffer in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what Julius Schäffer means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain Julius Schäffer out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is Julius Schäffer in simple terms?

Why does Julius Schäffer matter?

Because it connects several science ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study Julius Schäffer?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on Julius Schäffer.