biology

KIAA0408

KIAA0408 is a biology topic covered in the lgStudy science library. This page brings together a partial reference excerpt, illustrations, worked examples, real-world applications and a short study plan, so you can understand KIAA0408 rather than just read about it. In short: Uncharacterized protein KIAA0408 is a protein encoded in humans by the KIAA0408 gene. Gene Location and features Gene KIAA0408 is located on chromosome Chr 6orf174, which is considered to be a "complex locus" as it merges two NCBI genes and produces multiple proteins that have no sequence overlap.

Key takeaways

KIAA0408 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect KIAA0408 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of KIAA0408 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

Uncharacterized protein KIAA0408 is a protein encoded in humans by the KIAA0408 gene.

Gene

Location and features Gene KIAA0408 is located on chromosome Chr 6orf174, which is considered to be a "complex locus" as it merges two NCBI genes and produces multiple proteins that have no sequence overlap. It has 6 exons, 4 are non-overlapping and 2 are "cassette exons". c6orf174 694 amino acids long. The mRNA sequence has 8123 nucleotides. c6orf174 contains 20 distinct gt-ag introns and its transcription can produce 14 different mRNAs with three of them being completely unspliced forms. It has seven isoforms. The GeneCard for KIAA0408 is pictured below.

Variants and aliases KIAA0408 has at least 11 spliced variants. Aliases include C6orf174andKIAA0408, FLJ43995, RP3-403A15.2,dJ403A15.3, C6orf174, LOC 9729, jajer, barspoyby, gyperbu.1 It has been described as hypothetical protein LOC9729, OTTHUMP00000017174, and hypothetical protein LOC 387104.1 UniProtKB refers to it as K0408_HUMAN,Q6ZU52.

Expression KIAA0408 appears to be expressed highest in the brain, fat, and lung tissues. KIAA0408 is also associated with the hippocampus which primarily helps with releasing hormones and regulates body temperature. In humans, this gene is expressed in leukocytes, the hypothalamus, glioblastoma cells, prechondrocytes, placental CD14+ giant cells, estrogen receptor alpha-silenced MCF7 breast cancer cells.1 In rats, KIAA0408 is expressed at higher levels in rats eating carbohydrate-whey protein hydrosylate diets in comparison to rats eating carbohydrate amino acid diets. Glioblastoma pseudopalisading cells are associated with necrosis. Based on the second figure, it appears that KIAA0408 is more highly expressed in tumor cells than in pseudopalisading cells.

Regulation of expression According to the SUMO-sumoylation prediction in ExPASy, it appears that there are four motifs with a high probability of sumoylation. KIAA0408 has one O-glycosylation site predicted at serine 386. The gene has a large amount of predicted phosphorylation sites.

Protein KIAA0408 has 694 amino acids and a molecular weight of 79.2 kdal. 12.0% of the protein has levels of serine that are higher than average. These results also indicate that at a neutral pH, my protein tends to be more basic. Evidence collected from Expasy suggests that KIAA0408 could potentially be involved in solute. The tertiary structure of KIAA0408 consists largely of coiled-coiled regions. It is predicted with high certainty that KIAA0408 is found in the nucleus. A conceptual translation is included in this page.

Interacting proteins KIAA0408 has 42 total interacting proteins.

Orthologs The ortholog space extends from mammals to birds. There are no paralogs. All birds had very little variation in gene length, % identity, and % similarity. The two turtles that had the gene were also similar in those areas. All mammals aside from the lemur and the monkey had around the same gene lengths, % identity, and % similarity. The lemur and the monkey varied from each other. Human and mouse KIAA0408 are 53.531% similar and have 149 similar positions. There is a large region that is missing in mouse in the C-terminus, and another smaller chunk missing in the N-terminus. This could be an evolutionary sign of humans' erroneous development of more genes to make them more complex individuals. The areas before and after both deletions are highly conserved, so these are likely very critical regions of the gene.

Clinical significance KIAA0408 is highly expressed in the brain, but has also been found in tissue of the breast, testes, eye, kidney, and T-lymphocytes, and over 50 other tissues.1 It was found to be upregulated in comparisons between the following clinical features: new tumor/no new tumor, pathologic M1/M0, and presence or absence of cancer.4 The table in the paper is unclear as to which features the upregulation is correlated to.4 KIAA0408 was also listed in a genetic testing registry. This protein can be tested for mutations which would indicate "hereditary disease". There was no specific information provided on what hereditary diseases it can test for. KIAA0408 is also part of a list of gene transcripts "...whose expression levels are positively correlated with age."

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with KIAA0408

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what KIAA0408 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to KIAA0408 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about KIAA0408 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of KIAA0408

In research: KIAA0408 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses KIAA0408 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: KIAA0408 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 6, Proteins, Uncharacterized proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for KIAA0408 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

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How to study KIAA0408 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what KIAA0408 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain KIAA0408 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is KIAA0408 in simple terms?

Uncharacterized protein KIAA0408 is a protein encoded in humans by the KIAA0408 gene. Gene Location and features Gene KIAA0408 is located on chromosome Chr 6orf174, which is considered to be a "complex locus" as it merges two NCBI genes and produces multiple proteins that have no sequence overlap.

Why does KIAA0408 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study KIAA0408?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on KIAA0408.