KIAA0825

Key takeaways

KIAA0825 belongs to biology; place it in that map before memorising details.
Learn the definition first, then one example that makes the definition concrete.
Connect KIAA0825 to a quantity you can measure, compute or draw — that is where exam questions come from.
Reproduce the core statement of KIAA0825 from memory before moving on to harder problems.

Reference excerpt

KIAA0825 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene of the same name, located on chromosome 5, 5q15. It is a possible risk factor in Type II Diabetes, and associated with high levels of glucose in the blood. It is a relatively fast mutating gene, compared to other coding genes. There is however one region which is highly conserved across the species that have the gene, known as DUF4495. It is predicted to travel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

General information

KIAA0825 is gene that appears to be a genetic factor that increases the risk of Type II Diabetes, possibly by increasing the level of blood glucose levels. It has also been identified as a possible oncogene. C5orf36 has one common alias KIAA0825. The gene is about 478 kb long and contains 22 exons. It produces 10 different variants: 9 alternatively spliced, and one un-spliced version. The longest experimentally confirmed mRNA is 7240 bp long and produces a protein 1275 amino acids long. The protein is predicted to weigh about 147.8kDal. It has orthologs in most animals including Aplysia californica, but is not found outside animals with the possible exception of Plasmodiophora brassicae.

Protein information The protein has a predicted weight of 147.8 kDal. It does not contain a known nuclear localization signal but does contain a nuclear export signal. The subcellular localization for the protein is predicted to be the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This suggests that the protein might shuttle back and forth across the nuclear membrane.

Secondary structure

Several programs suggest that the secondary structure of the protein is mainly helices with only a few beta sheets. Analysis of protein composition also suggests that the protein has relatively low levels of glycine. This could suggest a fairly rigid structure relative to other proteins. The tertiary structure is harder to predict due to the size of the protein, partially due to its size. The 3-D structure shown shows a prediction made by I-TASSER. This is a possible structure with a C-score of -1.06 on a scale from -5 to 1 (in which the higher the number the greater the confidence). This predicted structure indicates there are two main parts, and it is possible they interact depending on the state of the protein (e.g. whether or not it's phosphorylated).

Expression

The mRNA for KIAA0825 is expressed at relatively low rates in comparison to other mRNAs. The protein however is expressed at relatively high rates, especially in parts of the brain as well as adrenal glands and the thyroid. This would suggest that the protein is not readily degraded and remains in the cell for long periods of time, such that continuous transcription of the DNA into mRNA is unnecessary. No current finding suggest that there is alternative expression of different isoforms in different tissues.

Regulation Analysis of the promoter offers some insight into the expression of KIAA0825. One possible regulator found is the NeuroD1 transcription factor. This factor is an important regulator for the insulin gene, and a mutation in this gene can lead to Type II diabetes. This could explain why KIAA0825 is expressed at lower levels in patients with Type II diabetes. Another possible transcription factor is the Myeloid zinc finger 1 factor, which is tied to myeloid leukemia, because it delays apoptosis of cells in the presence of retinoic acid. There are also several places where Vertebrate SMAD family transcription factors can bind. These transcription factors are thought to be responsible for nucleocytoplasmic dynamics. This means that these SMAD transcription factors could affect KIAA0825, because subcellular localization suggests it shuttles across the nuclear envelope.

Function There are two proteins found to interact with KIAA0825. One is Interleukin enhancer-binding factor 3. ILF3 is a factor that complexes with other proteins and regulates gene expression and stabilizes mRNAs. The other is the Amyloid-beta precursor protein. This protein is an integral membrane protein found most commonly in the synapses of neurons. Neither of these proteins is well enough understood to indicate for certain the role of C5orf36 in human cells. They however suggest that KIAA0825 could serve a variety of roles in different parts of the cell.

Orthology KIAA0825 orthologs can be found in virtually all animals, but cannot be found in plants, bacteria, or protozoa. It is mostly highly conserved in vertebrates especially mammals, but genes that contain region similar to DUF4495 region can be found in California sea hare, generally one of the most simple animal. The size especially in mammals is well conserved sticking very close to between 1250 and 1300 amino acids long. This suggests that the protein wraps around on itself forming important structures for its function. There were no paralogs found of the gene KIAA0825 in humans or in any other species.

References

Illustrations

Worked examples

Example 1 — a first encounter with KIAA0825

Start with the simplest possible case. Write down what KIAA0825 claims or describes in one sentence, then invent the smallest concrete situation in which that sentence is true. In biology, the smallest case is usually a single object, a single equation or a single measurement. Check that every symbol or term in your sentence has a meaning in that case.

Example 2 — changing one variable

Take the situation from Example 1 and change exactly one quantity: double it, halve it, or set it to zero. Predict what should happen to KIAA0825 before you calculate. Comparing your prediction with the result is the fastest way to find out whether you understand the idea or only the words.

Example 3 — an exam-style question

Typical questions about KIAA0825 ask you to (a) state it precisely, (b) apply it to given data, and (c) explain a limitation. Practise writing all three answers in under five minutes; the third part is what separates a full-mark answer from an average one.

Applications of KIAA0825

In research: KIAA0825 appears in biology research whenever the underlying quantities have to be modelled precisely. Papers usually cite it as a starting assumption and then explore where it breaks down.
In technology and industry: Engineering practice reuses KIAA0825 in design rules, simulations and safety margins. Knowing the idea lets you read a specification sheet and understand why the numbers look the way they do.
In the classroom: KIAA0825 is common in secondary-school and first-year university syllabi. It links to neighbouring topics Genes on human chromosome 5, Human proteins, Uncharacterized proteins, so understanding it makes those chapters shorter.
In everyday life: Look for KIAA0825 outside the textbook — in sport, cooking, traffic, electronics or the sky above you. An example you found yourself is remembered far longer than one you were given.

How to study KIAA0825 in 20 minutes

Read the reference excerpt below once, without taking notes.
Close the page and write down what KIAA0825 means in your own words.
Compare your version with the excerpt and mark what you missed.
Work through the three examples above with pen and paper.
Explain KIAA0825 out loud to somebody else — or to Teacher Smith in the lgStudy chat.

Frequently asked questions

What is KIAA0825 in simple terms?

KIAA0825 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene of the same name, located on chromosome 5, 5q15. It is a possible risk factor in Type II Diabetes, and associated with high levels of glucose in the blood.

Why does KIAA0825 matter?

Because it connects several biology ideas at once: it gives you a definition you can apply, a quantity you can calculate, and a way to check whether a result is plausible.

How should I study KIAA0825?

Read the excerpt, restate it from memory, then work through the examples and applications listed on this page. The five-step study plan above takes about twenty minutes.

What does this page cover?

It gives you a compact reference excerpt plus original lgStudy explanations, examples, applications and study material on KIAA0825.